9129767 3TS8LTUJ 1 apa 50 date desc year Staudigel 18 https://hstaudigel.scrippsprofiles.ucsd.edu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A150%2C%22request_next%22%3A50%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22PFBXUMCY%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Yabe%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-12-16%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EYabe%2C%20S.%2C%20Muto%2C%20K.%2C%20Abe%2C%20K.%2C%20Yokota%2C%20A.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Tebo%2C%20B.%20M.%20%282022%29.%20Vulcanimicrobium%20alpinus%20gen.%20nov.%20sp.%20nov.%2C%20the%20first%20cultivated%20representative%20of%20the%20candidate%20phylum%20%26%23x201C%3BEremiobacterota%26%23x201D%3B%2C%20is%20a%20metabolically%20versatile%20aerobic%20anoxygenic%20phototroph.%20%3Ci%3EISME%20Communications%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E2%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%20120.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs43705-022-00201-9%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs43705-022-00201-9%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Vulcanimicrobium%20alpinus%20gen.%20nov.%20sp.%20nov.%2C%20the%20first%20cultivated%20representative%20of%20the%20candidate%20phylum%20%5Cu201cEremiobacterota%5Cu201d%2C%20is%20a%20metabolically%20versatile%20aerobic%20anoxygenic%20phototroph%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Shuhei%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yabe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kiyoaki%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muto%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Keietsu%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Abe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Akira%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yokota%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hubert%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bradley%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tebo%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20The%20previously%20uncultured%20phylum%20%5Cu201c%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Candidatus%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Eremiobacterota%5Cu201d%20is%20globally%20distributed%20and%20often%20abundant%20in%20oligotrophic%20environments.%20Although%20it%20includes%20lineages%20with%20the%20genetic%20potential%20for%20photosynthesis%2C%20one%20of%20the%20most%20important%20metabolic%20pathways%20on%20Earth%2C%20the%20absence%20of%20pure%20cultures%20has%20limited%20further%20insights%20into%20its%20ecological%20and%20physiological%20traits.%20We%20report%20the%20first%20successful%20isolation%20of%20a%20%5Cu201c%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Ca%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20.%20Eremiobacterota%5Cu201d%20strain%20from%20a%20fumarolic%20ice%20cave%20on%20Mt.%20Erebus%20volcano%20%28Antarctica%29.%20Polyphasic%20analysis%20revealed%20that%20this%20organism%20is%20an%20aerobic%20anoxygenic%20photoheterotrophic%20bacterium%20with%20a%20unique%20lifestyle%2C%20including%20bacteriochlorophyll%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20a%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20production%2C%20CO%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%202%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20fixation%2C%20a%20high%20CO%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%202%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20requirement%2C%20and%20phototactic%20motility%20using%20type%20IV-pili%2C%20all%20of%20which%20are%20highly%20adapted%20to%20polar%20and%20fumarolic%20environments.%20The%20cells%20are%20rods%20or%20filaments%20with%20a%20vesicular%20type%20intracytoplasmic%20membrane%20system.%20The%20genome%20encodes%20novel%20anoxygenic%20Type%20II%20photochemical%20reaction%20centers%20and%20bacteriochlorophyll%20synthesis%20proteins%2C%20forming%20a%20deeply%20branched%20monophyletic%20clade%20distinct%20from%20known%20phototrophs.%20The%20first%20cultured%20strain%20of%20the%20eighth%20phototrophic%20bacterial%20phylum%20which%20we%20name%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Vulcanimicrobium%20alpinus%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20gen.%20nov.%2C%20sp.%20nov.%20advances%20our%20understanding%20of%20ecology%20and%20evolution%20of%20photosynthesis.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022-12-16%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs43705-022-00201-9%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222730-6151%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2Fs43705-022-00201-9%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-12-01T19%3A31%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HB7SFAFC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Di%20Chiara%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EDi%20Chiara%2C%20A.%2C%20Tauxe%2C%20L.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20Florindo%2C%20F.%2C%20Protti%2C%20M.%2C%20Yu%2C%20Y.%2C%20Wartho%2C%20J.%20A.%2C%20van%20den%20Bogaard%2C%20P.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Hoernle%2C%20K.%20%282021%29.%20Earth%26%23x2019%3Bs%20magnetic%20field%20strength%20and%20the%20Cretaceous%20normal%20superchron%3A%20New%20data%20from%20Costa%20Rica.%20%3Ci%3EGeochemistry%20Geophysics%20Geosystems%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E22%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2020gc009605%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2020gc009605%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Earth%27s%20magnetic%20field%20strength%20and%20the%20Cretaceous%20normal%20superchron%3A%20New%20data%20from%20Costa%20Rica%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Di%20Chiara%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tauxe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Florindo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Protti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wartho%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20den%20Bogaard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hoernle%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Constraining%20the%20long-term%20variability%20and%20average%20of%20the%20Earth%27s%20magnetic%20field%20strength%20is%20fundamental%20to%20understanding%20the%20characteristics%20and%20behavior%20of%20the%20geomagnetic%20field.%20Questions%20remain%20about%20the%20strength%20of%20the%20average%20field%2C%20and%20the%20relationship%20between%20strength%20and%20reversal%20frequency%2C%20due%20to%20the%20dispersion%20of%20data%20from%20key%20time%20intervals.%20Here%2C%20we%20focus%20on%20the%20Cretaceous%20Normal%20Superchron%20%28CNS%3B%20121-84%20Ma%29%2C%20during%20which%20there%20were%20no%20reversals.%20We%20present%20new%20intensity%20results%20from%2041%20submarine%20basaltic%20glass%20%28SBG%29%20sites%20collected%20on%20the%20Nicoya%20Peninsula%20and%20Murcielago%20Islands%2C%20Costa%20Rica.%20New%20and%20revised%20Ar-40%5C%2FAr-39%20and%20biostratigraphic%20age%20constraints%20from%20previous%20studies%20indicate%20ages%20from%20141%20to%2065%20Ma.%20One%20site%20with%20an%20age%20of%20135.1%20%2B%5C%2F-%201.5%20Ma%20%282%20sigma%29%20gave%20a%20reliable%20intensity%20result%20of%2034%20%2B%5C%2F-%208%20mu%20T%20%28equivalent%20to%20a%20virtual%20axial%20dipole%20moment%2C%20VADM%2C%20value%20of%2088%20%2B%5C%2F-%2020%20ZAm%282%29%29%2C%20three%20sites%20from%20121%20to%20112%20Ma%2C%20spanning%20the%20onset%20of%20the%20CNS%2C%20vary%20from%2021%20%2B%5C%2F-%201%20to%2034%20%2B%5C%2F-%204%20mu%20T%20%2853%20%2B%5C%2F-%203%20to%2087%20%2B%5C%2F-%2010%20ZAm%282%29%29.%20These%20results%20from%20the%20CNS%20are%20all%20higher%20than%20the%20long-term%20average%20of%20similar%20to%2042%20ZAm%282%29%20and%20data%20from%20Suhongtu%2C%20Mongolia%20%2846-53%20ZAm%282%29%29%20and%20are%20similar%20to%20the%20Troodos%20Ophiolite%2C%20Cyprus%20%2881%20ZAm%282%29%2C%20reinterpreted%20in%20this%20study%29.%20Together%20with%20the%20reinterpreted%20data%2C%20the%20new%20Costa%20Rica%20results%20suggest%20that%20the%20strength%20of%20the%20geomagnetic%20field%20was%20approximately%20the%20same%20both%20before%20and%20after%20the%20onset%20of%20the%20CNS.%20Therefore%2C%20the%20data%20do%20not%20support%20a%20strict%20correlation%20between%20polarity%20interval%20length%20and%20the%20strength%20of%20the%20magnetic%20field.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F04%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2020gc009605%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22LAXSR6HN%22%2C%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-21T00%3A06%3A43Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZJQFQWMB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Asefaw%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAsefaw%2C%20H.%2C%20Tauxe%2C%20L.%2C%20Koppers%2C%20A.%20A.%20P.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%20%282021%29.%20Four-dimensional%20paleomagnetic%20dataset%3A%20Plio-Pleistocene%20paleodirection%20and%20paleointensity%20results%20from%20the%20Erebus%20Volcanic%20Province%2C%20Antarctica.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research-Solid%20Earth%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E126%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2020jb020834%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2020jb020834%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Four-dimensional%20paleomagnetic%20dataset%3A%20Plio-Pleistocene%20paleodirection%20and%20paleointensity%20results%20from%20the%20Erebus%20Volcanic%20Province%2C%20Antarctica%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Asefaw%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tauxe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20A.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Koppers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22A%20fundamental%20assumption%20in%20paleomagnetism%20is%20that%20a%20geocentric%20axial%20dipole%20%28GAD%29%20geomagnetic%20field%20structure%20extends%20to%20the%20ancient%20field.%20Global%20paleodirectional%20compilations%20that%20span%200-5-million%20year%20support%20a%20GAD%20dominated%20field%20structure%20with%20minor%20non-GAD%20contributions%2C%20however%2C%20the%20paleointensity%20data%20over%20the%20same%20period%20do%20not.%20In%20a%20GAD%20field%2C%20higher%20latitudes%20should%20preserve%20higher%20intensity%2C%20but%20the%20current%20database%20suggests%20that%20intensities%20are%20independent%20of%20latitude.%20To%20determine%20whether%20the%20seemingly%20%5C%22low%5C%22%20intensities%20from%20Antarctica%20reflect%20the%20ancient%20field%2C%20rather%20than%20low-quality%20data%20or%20inadequate%20temporal%20sampling%2C%20we%20have%20conducted%20a%20new%20study%20of%20the%20paleomagnetic%20field%20in%20Antarctica.%20This%20study%20focuses%20on%20the%20paleomagnetic%20field%20structure%20over%20the%20Plio-Pleistocene.%20We%20combine%20and%20reanalyze%20new%20and%20published%20paleodirectional%20and%20paleointensity%20results%20from%20the%20Erebus%20volcanic%20province%20to%20recover%20paleodirections%20from%2098%20sites%20that%20were%20both%20thermally%20and%20alternating%20field%20demagnetized%20and%20then%20subjected%20to%20a%20set%20of%20strict%20selection%20criteria%20and%20paleointensities%20from%2026%20sites%20from%20the%20Plio-Pleistocene%20that%20underwent%20the%20IZZI%20modified%20Thellier-Thellier%20experiment%20and%20were%20also%20subjected%20to%20a%20strict%20set%20of%20selection%20criteria.%20The%20paleopole%20%28201.85%20degrees%2C%2087.65%20degrees%29%20and%20alpha%2895%29%20%285.51%20degrees%29%20recovered%20from%20our%20paleodirectional%20study%20supports%20the%20GAD%20hypothesis%20and%20the%20scatter%20of%20the%20virtual%20geomagnetic%20poles%20falls%20within%20the%20uncertainty%20of%20that%20predicted%20by%20TK03%20paleosecular%20variation%20model.%20Our%20time-averaged%20field%20strength%20estimate%2C%2033.57%20%2B%5C%2F-%202.71%20mu%20T%2C%20is%20significantly%20weaker%20than%20that%20expected%20from%20a%20GAD%20field%20estimated%20by%20the%20present%20field.%20Plain%20Language%20Summary%20The%20geocentric%20axial%20dipole%20%28GAD%29%20hypothesis%20states%20that%20the%20Earth%27s%20magnetic%20field%20may%20be%20approximated%20by%20an%20Earth-centric%20dipole%20aligned%20with%20the%20rotation%20axis.%20This%20hypothesis%20is%20fundamental%20for%20paleogeographic%20reconstructions%20of%20the%20tectonic%20plates.%20While%20global%20paleomagnetic%20directions%20from%20the%20last%205%20million%20years%20recover%20a%20predominately%20GAD%20field%20structure%2C%20paleointensity%20estimates%20over%20the%20same%20time%20period%20do%20not.%20In%20this%20study%2C%20we%20re-examine%20the%20paleomagnetic%20field%20structure%20in%20the%20Erebus%20Volcanic%20Province%2C%20Antarctica%2C%20and%20recover%20a%20robust%20data%20set%20of%20directional%20and%20intensity%20data.%20We%20then%20compare%20the%20paleopole%20and%20average%20dipole%20moment%20against%20a%20GAD%20field%20structure%20and%20model%20predictions%20of%20paleosecular%20variation.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2020jb020834%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222169-9313%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22LAXSR6HN%22%2C%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-21T00%3A08%3A58Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22S3HE2NMW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Huang%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHuang%2C%20K.%20J.%2C%20Teng%2C%20F.%20Z.%2C%20Plank%2C%20T.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20Hu%2C%20Y.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Bao%2C%20Z.%20Y.%20%282018%29.%20Magnesium%20isotopic%20composition%20of%20altered%20oceanic%20crust%20and%20the%20global%20Mg%20cycle.%20%3Ci%3EGeochimica%20Et%20Cosmochimica%20Acta%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E238%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20357%26%23x2013%3B373.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.gca.2018.07.011%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.gca.2018.07.011%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Magnesium%20isotopic%20composition%20of%20altered%20oceanic%20crust%20and%20the%20global%20Mg%20cycle%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Huang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%20Z.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Teng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Plank%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Z.%20Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bao%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22To%20investigate%20the%20behavior%20of%20Mg%20isotopes%20during%20low-temperature%20alteration%20of%20oceanic%20crust%20and%20to%20further%20under-%20stand%20its%20role%20in%20the%20global%20Mg%20cycle%2C%20we%20measured%20the%20Mg%20isotopic%20compositions%20%28Mg-25%5C%2FMg-24%20and%20Mg-26%5C%2FMg-24%29%20of%20a%20set%20of%20samples%20of%20altered%20oceanic%20crust%20%28AOC%29%20recovered%20from%20the%20Ocean%20Drilling%20Program%20Hole%20801C%2C%20the%20reference%20site%20for%20old%20crust%20%28similar%20to%20170%20Ma%29%20subducting%20in%20the%20Pacific.%20The%20measured%20delta%20Mg-26%20values%20range%20from%20-1.70%20parts%20per%20thousand%20to%200.21%20parts%20per%20thousand%2C%20deviating%20from%20that%20of%20pristine%20oceanic%20basalts%20%28-0.25%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.07%20parts%20per%20thousand%29.%20Composite%20samples%20of%20volcanoclastic%20breccia%20that%20have%20experienced%20relatively%20intense%20alteration%20have%20larger%20variation%20in%20delta%20Mg-26%20values%20%28-1.01%20parts%20per%20thousand%20to%200.15%20parts%20per%20thousand%29%20than%20composite%20samples%20of%20massive%20basaltic%20flows%20%28-0.53%20parts%20per%20thousand%20to%20-0.04%20parts%20per%20thousand%29%2C%20indicating%20significant%20Mg%20isotope%20fractionation%20during%20low-temperature%20alteration%20of%20the%20oceanic%20crust.%20Moreover%2C%20the%20upper%20off-axis%20basement%20has%20on%20average%20lower%20delta%20Mg-26%20values%20%28-1.70%20parts%20per%20thousand%20to%20-0.04%20parts%20per%20thousand%29%20than%20the%20lower%20on-axis%20basement%20%28-0.16%20parts%20per%20thousand%20to%200.21%20parts%20per%20thousand%29.%20These%20findings%2C%20combined%20with%20the%20co-variations%20between%20MgO%20content%20and%20Fe%20O-x%5C%2FCaO%20ratio%20and%20between%20delta%20Mg-26%20and%20FeOx%5C%2FCaO%20ratio%2C%20suggest%20that%20formation%20of%20Mg-bearing%20minerals%20%28i.e.%2C%20saponite%20and%20calcite%29%20during%20low-temperature%20alteration%20of%20the%20oceanic%20crust%20accounts%20for%20the%20highly%20variable%20delta%20Mg-26%20of%20AOC.%20Early%20formation%20of%20saponite%20under%20anoxic%20condition%20preferentially%20takes%20up%20heavy%20Mg%20isotopes%20and%20accounts%20for%20Mg%20enrichment%20and%20relatively%20high%20delta%20Mg-26%20in%20the%20on-axis%20basement.%20Subsequent%20precipitation%20of%20carbonates%20results%20in%20the%20dilution%20of%20Mg%20and%20relatively%20low%20delta%20Mg-26%20in%20the%20off-axis%20basement.%20In%20addition%2C%20accumulation%20of%20carbonate-rich%20interflow%20sediments%20in%20the%20upper%20basement%20may%20contribute%20further%20to%20the%20low%20delta%20Mg-26.%20A%20weighted%20average%20delta%20Mg-26%20value%20of%200.00%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.09%20parts%20per%20thousand%20is%20estimated%20for%20the%20AOC%20at%20Site%20801%2C%20implying%20that%20low-temperature%20alteration%20of%20oceanic%20crust%20drives%20the%20ocean%20to%20a%20lighter%20Mg%20isotopic%20composition%2C%20and%20thus%20requires%20additional%20carbonate%20precipitation%20to%20maintain%20a%20steady-state%20Mg%20isotopic%20composition%20of%20seawater.%20A%20mass%20balance%20calculation%20suggests%20that%20the%20Mg%20output%20flux%20due%20to%20low-temperature%20alteration%20of%20the%20oceanic%20crust%20equals%20similar%20to%2012%25%20of%20the%20annual%20Mg%20riverine%20input%2C%20indicating%20that%20AOC%20is%20a%20significant%20sink%20of%20Mg%20in%20seawater.%20Our%20study%20further%20highlights%20that%20recycling%20of%20AOC%20with%20highly%20variable%20delta%20Mg-26%20m%20along%20with%20overlying%20marine%20sediments%20into%20the%20mantle%20through%20subduction%20may%20generate%20Mg%20isotopic%20heterogeneity%20in%20the%20mantle%20at%20small%20scales.%20%28C%29%202018%20Elsevier%20Ltd.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Oct%202018%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.gca.2018.07.011%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220016-7037%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A21Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2226RTKWWU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Cromwell%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECromwell%2C%20G.%2C%20Trusdell%2C%20F.%2C%20Tauxe%2C%20L.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Ron%2C%20H.%20%282018%29.%20Holocene%20paleointensity%20of%20the%20island%20of%20Hawai%26%23x2019%3Bi%20from%20glassy%20volcanics.%20%3Ci%3EGeochemistry%20Geophysics%20Geosystems%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E19%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%289%29%2C%203224%26%23x2013%3B3245.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F2017gc006927%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F2017gc006927%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Holocene%20paleointensity%20of%20the%20island%20of%20Hawai%27i%20from%20glassy%20volcanics%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cromwell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Trusdell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tauxe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ron%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22This%20study%20presents%20new%20high-quality%20paleointensity%20records%20and%20C-14%20radiocarbon%20age%20determinations%20from%20the%20Island%20of%20Hawai%27i%20during%20the%20Holocene.%20Previous%20studies%20on%20Hawai%27i%20use%20experimental%20methods%20and%20statistical%20selection%20criteria%20that%20may%20produce%20inaccurate%20geomagnetic%20field%20strength%20estimates.%20Additional%20high-quality%20paleointensity%20results%20can%20be%20used%20to%20evaluate%20the%20existing%20Hawaiian%20data%20set%20and%20investigate%20Holocene%20geomagnetic%20field%20behavior.%20New%20paleointensity%20sites%20from%2022%20lava%20flows%20were%20calculated%20using%20the%20IZZI-Thellier%20laboratory%20technique%20and%20a%20strict%20set%20of%20selection%20criteria.%20Rapidly%20cooled%2C%20glassy%20volcanic%20material%20was%20collected%20for%20all%20sites.%20Isotopic%20age%20determinations%20range%20from%20270%20to%20%3E%2010%2C%20000%20years%20before%20present%20%28nine%20new%20C-14%20ages%20are%20also%20presented%20as%20part%20of%20this%20study%29.%20The%20median%20intensity%20for%20the%2022%20flows%20is%2047.5%20mu%20T%2C%20with%20a%20median%20absolute%20deviation%20uncertainty%20of%205.6%20mu%20T%3B%20substantially%20greater%20than%20the%20present-day%20field%20strength%20at%20Hawai%27i%20%28similar%20to%2036%20mu%20T%29.%20These%20new%20results%20are%20comparable%20to%20previously%20published%20data%20from%20this%20location%20and%20are%20consistent%20with%20global%20paleointensity%20models.%20There%20is%20no%20evidence%20of%20an%20intensity%20%5C%22spike%5C%22%20at%203%2C000%20years%20before%20present%2C%20as%20seen%20in%20the%20Levant%20and%20elsewhere.%20Previously%20published%20data%20vary%20in%20intensity%20by%20experimental%20technique%20relative%20to%20data%20using%20glassy%20material%20and%20strict%20selection%20criteria.%20Non-Thellier-type%20data%20are%20biased%20low%2C%20a%20result%20of%20these%20techniques%20estimating%20intensity%20from%20possibly%20nonsingle%20domain%20magnetic%20carriers.%20Thellier-Thellier%20data%20are%20biased%20high%2C%20the%20reasons%20for%20which%20remain%20unclear%20as%20no%20cooling%20rate%20effect%20was%20demonstrated%2C%20and%20we%20were%20unable%20to%20reproduce%20the%20high%20bias%20with%20different%20selection%20criteria.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%5C%2F09%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2F2017gc006927%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221525-2027%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22LAXSR6HN%22%2C%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-11-18T21%3A58%3A14Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HWA8BM8T%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Pedersen%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EPedersen%2C%20L.%20E.%20R.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20McLoughlin%2C%20N.%2C%20Whitehouse%2C%20M.%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Strauss%2C%20H.%20%282017%29.%20A%20multiple%20sulfur%20isotope%20study%20through%20the%20volcanic%20section%20of%20the%20Troodos%20ophiolite.%20%3Ci%3EChemical%20Geology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E468%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2049%26%23x2013%3B62.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.chemgeo.2017.08.008%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.chemgeo.2017.08.008%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20multiple%20sulfur%20isotope%20study%20through%20the%20volcanic%20section%20of%20the%20Troodos%20ophiolite%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20E.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pedersen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McLoughlin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Whitehouse%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Strauss%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Multiple%20S%20isotope%20systematics%20%28delta%20S-34%20and%20Delta%20S-33%29%20and%20high%20resolution%20in-situ%20S%20isotope%20measurements%20offer%20new%20perspectives%20on%20the%20study%20of%20biological%20and%20abiotic%20cycling%20of%20sulfur%20in%20hydrothermal%20systems.%20We%20applied%20these%20techniques%20to%20the%20Tethyian%20Troodos%20ophiolite%20%2891%20Ma%29%20from%20Cyprus%2C%20one%20of%20the%20best-preserved%20remnants%20of%20oceanic%20crust%20in%20the%20world%2C%20using%20materials%20from%20deep%20drill%20cores%20and%20surface%20sampling.%20We%20focused%20on%20the%20volcanic%20section%20of%20the%20ophiolite%2C%20including%20the%20hydrothermal%20massive%20sulfide%20deposit%20at%20Agrokipia%2C%20which%20represents%20a%20fossil%20zone%20of%20high-temperature%20fluid%20upwelling%2C%20and%20the%20Akaki%20river%20section%20which%20displays%20a%20range%20of%20lower%20temperature%20alteration%20types.%20The%20delta%20S-34%20and%20Delta%20S-33%20values%20of%20bulk%20and%20SIMS%20%28secondary%20ion%20mass%20spectrometry%29%20analyses%20from%20the%20Agrokipia%20sulfide%20deposits%20show%20that%20the%20sulfide%20minerals%20are%20largely%20derived%20from%20thermochemical%20reduction%20of%20entrained%20seawater%20sulfate%20and%20leached%20H2S%20from%20the%20%5C%22root%20zone%5C%22%20of%20hydrothermal%20upwelling.%20The%20contributions%20of%20these%20two%20sources%20can%20vary%20substantially%20within%20individual%20sulfide%20grains%2C%20indicating%20a%20very%20dynamic%20mixing%20between%20these%20sulfur%20sources.%20Microbial%20reworking%20of%20the%20sulfide%20mound%20is%20recorded%20in%20a%20sample%20with%20very%20elevated%204335%20values%20%280.22%20parts%20per%20thousand%29.%20The%20Akaki%20and%20Agrokipia%20volcanics%20experienced%20low%20temperature%20sulfur%20loss%20and%20removal%20of%20heavier%20sulfur%20isotopes%20due%20to%20partial%20oxidation%20by%20microbes.%20While%20some%20intervals%20gained%20sulfur%2C%20and%20have%20delta%20S-34%20and%20Delta%20S-33%20values%20indicative%20of%20microbial%20sulfate%20reduction.%20REE-data%20of%20vein%20quartz%20containing%20pyrite%20with%20delta%20S-34%20%3D%20similar%20to%2021%20parts%20per%20thousand%20implies%20local%20ephemeral%20hydrothermal%20upwelling%20in%20the%20lower%20Akaki%20volcanics%2C%20possibly%20associated%20with%20the%20late%20stage%20boninitic%20magmatic%20activity%20in%20the%20Troodos%20ophiolite%2C%20suggesting%20that%20microbial%20sulfate%20reduction%20in%20oceanic%20crust%20may%20continue%20for%2010-15%20Ma%20in%20crustal%20sections%20with%20prolonged%20igneous%20activity%20such%20as%20Troodos.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017%5C%2F09%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.chemgeo.2017.08.008%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220009-2541%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A23Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22P69QQXD5%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Sudek%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESudek%2C%20L.%20A.%2C%20Wanger%2C%20G.%2C%20Templeton%2C%20A.%20S.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Tebo%2C%20B.%20M.%20%282017%29.%20Submarine%20basaltic%20glass%20colonization%20by%20the%20heterotrophic%20Fe%28II%29-Oxidizing%20and%20siderophore-producing%20deep-sea%20bacterium%20Pseudomonas%20stutzeri%20VS-10%3A%20The%20potential%20role%20of%20basalt%20in%20enhancing%20growth.%20%3Ci%3EFrontiers%20in%20Microbiology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E8%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffmicb.2017.00363%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffmicb.2017.00363%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Submarine%20basaltic%20glass%20colonization%20by%20the%20heterotrophic%20Fe%28II%29-Oxidizing%20and%20siderophore-producing%20deep-sea%20bacterium%20Pseudomonas%20stutzeri%20VS-10%3A%20The%20potential%20role%20of%20basalt%20in%20enhancing%20growth%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sudek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wanger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Templeton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tebo%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Phylogenetically%20and%20metabolically%20diverse%20bacterial%20communities%20have%20been%20found%20in%20association%20with%20submarine%20basaltic%20glass%20surfaces.%20The%20driving%20forces%20behind%20basalt%20colonization%20are%20for%20the%20most%20part%20unknown.%20It%20remains%20ambiguous%20if%20basalt%20provides%20ecological%20advantages%20beyond%20representing%20a%20substrate%20for%20surface%20colonization%2C%20such%20as%20supplying%20nutrients%20and%5C%2For%20energy.%20Pseudomonas%20stutzeri%20VS-10%2C%20a%20metabolically%20versatile%20bacterium%20isolated%20from%20Vailulu%27u%20Seamount%2C%20was%20used%20as%20a%20model%20organism%20to%20investigate%20the%20physiological%20responses%20observed%20when%20biofilms%20are%20established%20on%20basaltic%20glasses.%20In%20Fe-limited%20heterotrophic%20media%2C%20P.%20stutzeri%20VS-10%20exhibited%20elevated%20growth%20in%20the%20presence%20of%20basaltic%20glass.%20Diffusion%20chamber%20experiments%20demonstrated%20that%20physical%20attachment%20or%20contact%20of%20soluble%20metabolites%20such%20as%20siderophores%20with%20the%20basaltic%20glass%20plays%20a%20pivotal%20role%20in%20this%20process.%20Electrochemical%20data%20indicated%20that%20P.%20stutzeri%20VS-10%20is%20able%20to%20use%20solid%20substrates%20%28electrodes%29%20as%20terminal%20electron%20donors%20and%20acceptors.%20Siderophore%20production%20and%20heterotrophic%20Fe%28II%29%20oxidation%20are%20discussed%20as%20potential%20mechanisms%20enhancing%20growth%20of%20P.%20stutzeri%20VS-10%20on%20glass%20surfaces.%20In%20correlation%20with%20that%20we%20discuss%20the%20possibility%20that%20metabolic%20versatility%20could%20represent%20a%20common%20and%20beneficial%20physiological%20trait%20in%20marine%20microbial%20communities%20being%20subject%20to%20oligotrophic%20and%20rapidly%20changing%20deep-sea%20conditions.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017%5C%2F03%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3389%5C%2Ffmicb.2017.00363%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221664-302X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A25Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22AKIS6M2L%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Staudigel%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20Furnes%2C%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20DeWit%2C%20M.%20%282015%29.%20Paleoarchean%20trace%20fossils%20in%20altered%20volcanic%20glass.%20%3Ci%3EProceedings%20of%20the%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1073%5C%2Fpnas.1421052112%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1073%5C%2Fpnas.1421052112%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Paleoarchean%20trace%20fossils%20in%20altered%20volcanic%20glass%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hubert%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Harald%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Furnes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maarten%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22DeWit%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Microbial%20corrosion%20textures%20in%20volcanic%20glass%20from%20Cenozoic%20seafloor%20basalts%20and%20the%20corresponding%20titanite%20replacement%20microtextures%20in%20metamorphosed%20Paleoarchean%20pillow%20lavas%20have%20been%20interpreted%20as%20evidence%20for%20a%20deep%20biosphere%20dating%20back%20in%20time%20through%20the%20earliest%20periods%20of%20preserved%20life%20on%20earth.%20This%20interpretation%20has%20been%20recently%20challenged%20for%20Paleoarchean%20titanite%20replacement%20textures%20based%20on%20textural%20and%20geochronological%20data%20from%20pillow%20lavas%20in%20the%20Hooggenoeg%20Complex%20of%20the%20Barberton%20Greenstone%20Belt%20in%20South%20Africa.%20We%20use%20this%20controversy%20to%20explore%20the%20strengths%20and%20weaknesses%20of%20arguments%20made%20in%20support%20or%20rejection%20of%20the%20biogenicity%20interpretation%20of%20bioalteration%20trace%20fossils%20in%20Cenozoic%20basalt%20glasses%20and%20their%20putative%20equivalents%20in%20Paleoarchean%20greenstones.%20Our%20analysis%20suggests%20that%20biogenicity%20cannot%20be%20taken%20for%20granted%20for%20all%20titanite-based%20textures%20in%20metamorphosed%20basalt%20glass%2C%20but%20a%20cautious%20and%20critical%20evaluation%20of%20evidence%20suggests%20that%20biogenicity%20remains%20the%20most%20likely%20interpretation%20for%20previously%20described%20titanite%20microtextures%20in%20Paleoarchean%20pillow%20lavas.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%5C%2F05%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1073%5C%2Fpnas.1421052112%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A16Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ESW49RXD%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Cromwell%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECromwell%2C%20G.%2C%20Tauxe%2C%20L.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Ron%2C%20H.%20%282015%29.%20Paleointensity%20estimates%20from%20historic%20and%20modern%20Hawaiian%20lava%20flows%20using%20glassy%20basalt%20as%20a%20primary%20source%20material.%20%3Ci%3EPhysics%20of%20the%20Earth%20and%20Planetary%20Interiors%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E241%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%280%29%2C%2044%26%23x2013%3B56.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.pepi.2014.12.007%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.pepi.2014.12.007%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Paleointensity%20estimates%20from%20historic%20and%20modern%20Hawaiian%20lava%20flows%20using%20glassy%20basalt%20as%20a%20primary%20source%20material%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cromwell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tauxe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ron%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Published%20paleointensity%20estimates%20derived%20from%20lavas%20extruded%20in%20known%20fields%20are%20highly%20variable%20and%20rarely%20recover%20the%20expected%20field%20strength%20within%20an%20accuracy%20of%20better%20than%2010%25.%20Inconsistent%20results%20on%20modern%20volcanic%20rocks%20lend%20even%20greater%20uncertainty%20to%20intensity%20experiments%20performed%20on%20lava%20flows%20emplaced%20during%20periods%20of%20unknown%20geomagnetic%20field%20strength.%20The%20majority%20of%20published%20paleointensity%20data%20are%20collected%20from%20the%20slowly%20cooled%2C%20massive%20centers%20of%20lava%20flows%2C%20where%20the%20magnetic%20grains%20are%20more%20likely%20to%20be%20multi-domain%20and%20produce%20non-ideal%20experimental%20results.%20Glassy%20volcanic%20material%20%28found%20on%20subaerial%20lava%20flow%20tops%20and%20in%20sub-aqueous%20and%20subglacial%20environments%29%2C%20however%20is%20rapidly%20cooled%2C%20and%20therefore%20most%20likely%20of%20all%20volcanic%20materials%20to%20behave%20as%20single-domain%20particles%20demanded%20by%20N%5Cu00e9el%20theory.%20We%20present%20a%20new%20paleointensity%20study%20of%20historic%20and%20modern%20Hawaiian%20lavas%20and%20test%20the%20viability%20of%20subaerially%20emplaced%20glassy%20basaltic%20material%20as%20an%20accurate%20recorder%20of%20magnetic%20field%20intensity.%20Six%20of%20eight%20lava%20flows%20sampled%20on%20the%20Big%20Island%20of%20Hawaii%20%281843%2C%201859%2C%201935%2C%201950%2C%201960%2C%201990%20C.E.%29%20produce%20well%20behaved%20Arai%20plots%20and%20recover%20an%20average%20intensity%20to%20within%202.7%20%5Cu03bcT%20of%20the%20expected%20field%20strength%20or%20better%20than%208%25%20accuracy.%20We%20apply%20very%20strict%20selection%20criteria%2C%20including%20a%20minimum%20of%20three%20specimens%20per%20site%2C%20to%20prevent%20extraneous%20field%20estimates%20from%20affecting%20the%20final%20results.%20Individual%20volcanic%20glass%20results%20from%20the%201960%20C.E.%20lava%20flow%20have%20a%20much%20lower%20variance%20than%20published%20data%20from%20the%20same%20volcanic%20unit.%20Glassy%20materials%20should%20therefore%20be%20collected%20wherever%20possible%20as%20they%20allow%20recovery%20of%20geomagnetic%20field%20strength%20with%20unprecedented%20accuracy.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%5C%2F04%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.pepi.2014.12.007%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220031-9201%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22LAXSR6HN%22%2C%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-04-29T22%3A43%3A25Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%228MDNIY69%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Tebo%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ETebo%2C%20B.%20M.%2C%20Davis%2C%20R.%20E.%2C%20Anitori%2C%20R.%20P.%2C%20Conne%2C%20L.%20B.%2C%20Schiffman%2C%20P.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%20%282015%29.%20Microbial%20communities%20in%20dark%20oligotrophic%20volcanic%20ice%20cave%20ecosystems%20of%20Mt.%20Erebus%2C%20Antarctica.%20%3Ci%3EFrontiers%20in%20Microbiology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E6%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffmicb.2015.00179%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffmicb.2015.00179%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Microbial%20communities%20in%20dark%20oligotrophic%20volcanic%20ice%20cave%20ecosystems%20of%20Mt.%20Erebus%2C%20Antarctica%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tebo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Davis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anitori%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Conne%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schiffman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20Earth%27s%20crust%20hosts%20a%20subsurface%2C%20dark%2C%20and%20oligotrophic%20biosphere%20that%20is%20poorly%20understood%20in%20terms%20of%20the%20energy%20supporting%20its%20biomass%20production%20and%20impact%20on%20food%20webs%20at%20the%20Earth%27s%20surface.%20Dark%20oligotrophic%20volcanic%20ecosystems%20%28DOVEs%29%20are%20good%20environments%20for%20investigations%20of%20life%20in%20the%20absence%20of%20sunlight%20as%20they%20are%20poor%20in%20organics%2C%20rich%20in%20chemical%20reactants%20and%20well%20known%20for%20chemical%20exchange%20with%20Earth%27s%20surface%20systems.%20Ice%20caves%20near%20the%20summit%20of%20Mt.%20Erebus%20%28Antarctica%29%20offer%20DOVEs%20in%20a%20polar%20alpine%20environment%20that%20is%20starved%20in%20organics%20and%20with%20oxygenated%20hydrothermal%20circulation%20in%20highly%20reducing%20host%20rock.%20We%20surveyed%20the%20microbial%20communities%20using%20PCR%2C%20cloning%2C%20sequencing%20and%20analysis%20of%20the%20small%20subunit%20%2816S%29%20ribosomal%20and%20Ribulose-1%2C5-bisphosphate%20Carboxylase%5C%2FOxygenase%20%28RubisCO%29%20genes%20in%20sediment%20samples%20from%20three%20different%20caves%2C%20two%20that%20are%20completely%20dark%20and%20one%20that%20receives%20snow-filtered%20sunlight%20seasonally.%20The%20microbial%20communities%20in%20all%20three%20caves%20are%20composed%20primarily%20of%20Bacteria%20and%20fungi%3B%20Archaea%20were%20not%20detected.%20The%20bacterial%20communities%20from%20these%20ice%20caves%20display%20low%20phylogenetic%20diversity%2C%20but%20with%20a%20remarkable%20diversity%20of%20RubisCO%20genes%20including%20new%20deeply%20branching%20Form%20I%20clades%2C%20implicating%20the%20Calvin-Benson-Bassham%20%28CBB%29%20cycle%20as%20a%20pathway%20of%20CO2%20fixation.%20The%20microbial%20communities%20in%20one%20of%20the%20dark%20caves%2C%20Warren%20Cave%2C%20which%20has%20a%20remarkably%20low%20phylogenetic%20diversity%2C%20were%20analyzed%20in%20more%20detail%20to%20gain%20a%20possible%20perspective%20on%20the%20energetic%20basis%20of%20the%20microbial%20ecosystem%20in%20the%20cave.%20Atmospheric%20carbon%20%28CO2%20and%20CO%29%2C%20including%20from%20volcanic%20emissions%2C%20likely%20supplies%20carbon%20and%5C%2For%20some%20of%20the%20energy%20requirements%20of%20chemoautotrophic%20microbial%20communities%20in%20Warren%20Cave%20and%20probably%20other%20Mt.%20Erebus%20ice%20caves.%20Our%20work%20casts%20a%20first%20glimpse%20at%20Mt.%20Erebus%20ice%20caves%20as%20natural%20laboratories%20for%20exploring%20carbon%2C%20energy%20and%20nutrient%20sources%20in%20the%20subsurface%20biosphere%20and%20the%20nutritional%20limits%20on%20life.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%5C%2F03%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3389%5C%2Ffmicb.2015.00179%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221664-302X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%222S4D678R%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Staudigel%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222014-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20Furnes%2C%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Smits%2C%20M.%20%282014%29.%20Deep%20biosphere%20record%20of%20in%20situ%20oceanic%20lithosphere%20and%20ophiolites.%20%3Ci%3EElements%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E10%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29%2C%20121%26%23x2013%3B126.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2113%5C%2Fgselements.10.2.121%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2113%5C%2Fgselements.10.2.121%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Deep%20biosphere%20record%20of%20in%20situ%20oceanic%20lithosphere%20and%20ophiolites%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Furnes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smits%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Volcanic%20glass%20from%20pillow%20lavas%20and%20hyaloclastites%20displays%20distinctive%20alteration%20textures%20that%20suggest%20the%20activity%20of%20boring%20microbes.%20Analogous%20textures%20are%20common%20in%20volcanic%20sections%20of%20the%20seafloor%2C%20in%20ophiolites%2C%20and%20in%20greenstone%20belts%20up%20to%203.5%20Ga%20in%20age.%20While%20the%20origin%20of%20such%20trace%20fossils%20remains%20poorly%20understood%2C%20they%20offer%20much%20potential%20for%20investigating%20processes%20in%20the%20present-day%2C%20deep-ocean%2C%20crustal%20biosphere%20and%20their%20role%20in%20biogeochemical%20cycles.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222014%5C%2F04%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.2113%5C%2Fgselements.10.2.121%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221811-5209%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A24Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22UWDQ3BGK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Tauxe%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ETauxe%2C%20L.%2C%20Gee%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Steiner%2C%20M.%20B.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%20%282013%29.%20Paleointensity%20results%20from%20the%20Jurassic%3A%20New%20constraints%20from%20submarine%20basaltic%20glasses%20of%20ODP%20Site%20801C.%20%3Ci%3EGeochemistry%2C%20Geophysics%2C%20Geosystems%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20n%5C%2Fa-n%5C%2Fa.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F2013GC004704%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F2013GC004704%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Paleointensity%20results%20from%20the%20Jurassic%3A%20New%20constraints%20from%20submarine%20basaltic%20glasses%20of%20ODP%20Site%20801C%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tauxe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Steiner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Tholeiite%20of%20the%20oldest%20oceanic%20crust%20was%20drilled%20during%20ODP%20Legs%20129%20and%20185%20at%20Hole%20801C%20in%20the%20western%20Pacific.%20Fresh%20appearing%20submarine%20basaltic%20glass%20%28SBG%29%20was%20recovered%20from%20the%20tholetiites%20%28~167%20Ma%3B%20Koppers%20et%20al.%20%5B2003%5D%29%20which%20has%20been%20shown%20to%20be%20nearly%20ideal%20for%20determining%20absolute%20paleointensity.%20Paleointensities%20of%20the%20younger%2C%20off-axis%2C%20alkalic%20basalts%20%28~160%20Ma%3B%20Koppers%20et%20al.%20%5B2003%5D%29%2C%20overlying%20the%20tholeiites%2C%20had%20been%20studied%20earlier%20%5BTauxe%2C%202006%5D.%20Here%20we%20report%20results%20from%20the%20older%20tholeiitic%20%28on-axis%29%20sequence.%20We%20subjected%20a%20total%20of%2073%20specimens%20from%2017%20cooling%20units%20to%20absolute%20paleointensity%20experiments.%20Of%20these%2C%2030%20specimens%20and%206%20cooling%20unit%20averages%20met%20our%20strictest%20reliability%20criteria%2C%20yielding%20an%20average%20of%2011.9%5Cu00b1%203.9%20%5Cu03bcT.%20The%20bulk%20of%20evidence%20suggests%20a%20paleolatitude%20of%20the%20site%20of%2014%5Cu00b0S%20%28with%20an%20uncertainty%20of%2010%5Cu00b0%29.%20This%20translates%20the%20intensity%20to%20a%20value%20for%20the%20virtual%20axial%20dipole%20moment%20of%2028%20ZAm2%2C%20slightly%20lower%20than%20values%20determined%20from%20the%20plagio%20clase%20crystals%20in%20the%20three%20cooling%20units%20of%20the%20younger%20alkalic%20basalts%20over%20lying%20the%20tholeiites.%20This%20value%20is%20low%20when%20compared%20to%20the%20long-term%20median%20value%20of%20the%20field%20of%2042%20ZAm2.%20Our%20results%20and%20those%20of%20the%20published%20literature%20therefore%20support%20the%20contention%20of%20a%20low%20magnetic%20field%20strength%20in%20the%20Jurassic%20%28average%20of%2028%20%5Cu00b1%2014%20ZAm2%3B%20N%20%3D%20138%20individual%20estimates%29%2C%20as%20initially%20suggested%20by%20Pr%5Cu00e9vot%20et%20al.%20%5B1990%5D.%20Our%20interpretation%20of%20the%20body%20of%20available%20data%20argue%20for%20low%20field%20strengths%20for%20the%20entire%20Jurassic%20extending%20into%20the%20early%20Cretaceous.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222013%5C%2F10%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2F2013GC004704%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221525-2027%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A17Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22IDCDPPMS%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Cromwell%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECromwell%2C%20G.%2C%20Constable%2C%20C.%20G.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20Tauxe%2C%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Gans%2C%20P.%20%282013%29.%20Revised%20and%20updated%20paleomagnetic%20results%20from%20Costa%20Rica.%20%3Ci%3EGeochemistry%20Geophysics%20Geosystems%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E14%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%289%29%2C%203379%26%23x2013%3B3388.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fggge.20199%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fggge.20199%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Revised%20and%20updated%20paleomagnetic%20results%20from%20Costa%20Rica%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cromwell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Constable%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tauxe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gans%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Paleomagnetic%20results%20from%20globally%20distributed%20lava%20flows%20have%20been%20collected%20and%20analyzed%20under%20the%20time-averaged%20field%20initiative%20%28TAFI%29%2C%20a%20multi-institutional%20collaboration%20started%20in%201996%20and%20designed%20to%20improve%20the%20geographic%20and%20temporal%20coverage%20of%20the%200-5%20Ma%20paleomagnetic%20database%20for%20studying%20both%20the%20time-averaged%20field%20and%20its%20very%20long-term%20secular%20variations.%20Paleomagnetic%20samples%20were%20collected%20from%2035%20volcanic%20units%2C%20either%20lava%20flows%20or%20ignimbrites%2C%20in%20Costa%20Rica%20in%20December%201998%20and%20February%202000%20from%20the%20Cordilleras%20Central%20and%20Guanacaste%2C%20the%20underlying%20Canas%2C%20Liberia%20and%20Bagaces%20formations%20and%20from%20Volcano%20Arenal.%20Age%20estimates%20range%20from%20approximately%2040%20ka%20to%20slightly%20over%206%20Ma.%20Although%20initial%20results%20from%20these%20sites%20were%20used%20in%20a%20global%20synthesis%20of%20TAFI%20data%20by%20Johnson%20et%20al.%20%282008%29%2C%20a%20full%20description%20of%20methodology%20was%20not%20presented.%20This%20paper%20documents%20the%20definitive%20collection%20of%20results%20comprising%2028%20paleomagnetic%20directions%20%2824%20normal%2C%204%20reversed%29%2C%20with%20enhanced%20precision%20and%20new%20geological%20interpretations%2C%20adding%20two%20paleointensity%20estimates%20and%2019%20correlated%20Ar-40%5C%2FAr-39%20radiometric%20ages.%20The%20average%20field%20direction%20is%20consistent%20with%20that%20of%20a%20geocentric%20axial%20dipole%20and%20dispersion%20of%20virtual%20geomagnetic%20poles%20%2817.34.6%20degrees%29%20is%20in%20general%20agreement%20with%20predictions%20from%20several%20statistical%20paleosecular%20variation%20models.%20Paleointensity%20estimates%20from%20two%20sites%20give%20an%20average%20field%20strength%20of%2026.3%20T%20and%20a%20virtual%20axial%20dipole%20moment%20of%2065%20ZAm%282%29.%20The%20definitive%20results%20provide%20a%20useful%20augmentation%20of%20the%20global%20database%20for%20the%20longer%20term%20goal%20of%20developing%20new%20statistical%20descriptions%20of%20paleomagnetic%20field%20behavior.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222013%5C%2F09%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fggge.20199%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221525-2027%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A19Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226I3XTLC7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Cromwell%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECromwell%2C%20G.%2C%20Tauxe%2C%20L.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20Constable%2C%20C.%20G.%2C%20Koppers%2C%20A.%20A.%20P.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Pedersen%2C%20R.%20B.%20%282013%29.%20In%20search%20of%20long-term%20hemispheric%20asymmetry%20in%20the%20geomagnetic%20field%26%23x202F%3B%3A%20Results%20from%20high%20northern%20latitudes.%20%3Ci%3EGeochemistry%20Geophysics%20Geosystems%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E14%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%288%29%2C%203234%26%23x2013%3B3249.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fggge.20174%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fggge.20174%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22In%20search%20of%20long-term%20hemispheric%20asymmetry%20in%20the%20geomagnetic%20field%20%3A%20Results%20from%20high%20northern%20latitudes%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cromwell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tauxe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Constable%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20A.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Koppers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pedersen%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Investigations%20of%20the%20behavior%20of%20the%20geomagnetic%20field%20on%20geological%20timescales%20rely%20on%20globally%20distributed%20data%20sets%20from%20dated%20lava%20flows.%20We%20present%20the%20first%20suitable%20data%20from%20the%20Arctic%20region%2C%20comprising%2037%20paleomagnetic%20directions%20from%20Jan%20Mayen%20%2871%20degrees%20N%2C%200.2-461%20ka%29%20and%20Spitsbergen%20%2879%20degrees%20N%2C%201-9.2%20Ma%29%20and%20five%20paleointensity%20results.%20Dispersion%20of%20the%20Arctic%20virtual%20geomagnetic%20poles%20over%20the%20last%202%20Ma%20%2827.34.0%20degrees%29%20is%20significantly%20lower%20than%20that%20from%20published%20Antarctic%20data%20sets%20%2832.15.0%20degrees%29.%20Arctic%20average%20virtual%20axial%20dipole%20moment%20%2876.824.3%20ZAm%282%29%29%20is%20high%20in%20comparison%20to%20Antarctica%20over%20the%20same%20time%20interval%20%2834.88.2%20ZAm%282%29%29%2C%20although%20the%20data%20are%20still%20too%20sparse%20in%20the%20Arctic%20to%20be%20definitive.%20These%20data%20support%20a%20long-lived%20hemispheric%20asymmetry%20of%20the%20magnetic%20field%2C%20contrasting%20higher%2C%20more%20stable%20fields%20in%20the%20north%20with%20lower%20average%20strength%20and%20more%20variable%20field%20directions%20in%20the%20south.%20Such%20features%20require%20significant%20non-axial-dipole%20contributions%20over%2010%285%29-10%286%29%20years.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222013%5C%2F08%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fggge.20174%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221525-2027%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A19Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22YE92A7FZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Knowles%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKnowles%2C%20E.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Templeton%2C%20A.%20%282013%29.%20Geochemical%20characterization%20of%20tubular%20alteration%20features%20in%20subseafloor%20basalt%20glass.%20%3Ci%3EEarth%20and%20Planetary%20Science%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E374%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20239%26%23x2013%3B250.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.epsl.2013.05.012%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.epsl.2013.05.012%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Geochemical%20characterization%20of%20tubular%20alteration%20features%20in%20subseafloor%20basalt%20glass%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Knowles%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Templeton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22There%20are%20numerous%20indications%20that%20subseafloor%20basalts%20may%20currently%20host%20a%20huge%20quantity%20of%20active%20microbial%20cells%20and%20contain%20biosignatures%20of%20ancient%20life%20in%20the%20form%20of%20physical%20and%20chemical%20basalt%20glass%20alteration.%20Unfortunately%2C%20technological%20challenges%20prevent%20us%20from%20observing%20the%20formation%20and%20mineralization%20of%20these%20alteration%20features%20in%20situ%2C%20or%20reproducing%20tubular%20basalt%20alteration%20processes%20in%20the%20laboratory.%20Therefore%2C%20comprehensive%20analysis%20of%20the%20physical%20and%20chemical%20traces%20retained%20in%20mineralized%20tubules%20is%20currently%20the%20best%20approach%20for%20deciphering%20a%20record%20of%20glass%20alteration.%20We%20have%20used%20a%20number%20of%20high-resolution%20spectroscopic%20and%20microscopic%20methods%20to%20probe%20the%20geochemical%20and%20mineralogical%20characteristics%20of%20tubular%20alteration%20features%20in%20basalt%20glasses%20obtained%20from%20a%20suite%20of%20subseafloor%20drill%20cores%20that%20covers%20a%20range%20of%20different%20collection%20locations%20and%20ages.%20By%20combining%20three%20different%20synchrotron-based%20X-ray%20measurements%20-%20X-ray%20fluorescence%20microprobe%20mapping%2C%20XANES%20spectroscopy%2C%20and%20mu-XRD%20-%20with%20focused%20ion%20beam%20milling%20and%20transmission%20electron%20microscopy%2C%20we%20have%20spatially%20resolved%20the%20major%20and%20trace%20element%20distributions%2C%20as%20well%20as%20the%20oxidation%20state%20of%20Fe%2C%20determined%20the%20coordination%20chemistry%20of%20Fe%2C%20Mn%20and%20Ti%20at%20the%20micron-scale%2C%20and%20constrained%20the%20secondary%20minerals%20within%20these%20features.%20The%20tubular%20alteration%20features%20are%20characterized%20by%20strong%20losses%20of%20Fe2%2B%2C%20Mn2%2B%2C%20and%20Ca2%2B%20compared%20to%20fresh%20glass%2C%20oxidation%20of%20the%20residual%20Fe%2C%20and%20the%20accumulation%20of%20Ti%20and%20Cu.%20The%20predominant%20phases%20infilling%20the%20alteration%20regions%20are%20Fe3%2B-bearing%20silicates%20dominated%20by%202%3A1%20clays%2C%20with%20secondary%20Fe-%20and%20Ti-oxides%2C%20and%20a%20partially%20oxidized%20Mn-silicate%20phase.%20These%20geochemical%20patterns%20observed%20within%20the%20tubular%20alteration%20features%20are%20comparable%20across%20a%20diverse%20suite%20of%20samples%20formed%20over%20the%20past%205-100%20Ma%2C%20which%20shows%20that%20the%20microscale%20mineralization%20processes%20are%20common%20and%20consistent%20throughout%20the%20ocean%20basins%20and%20throughout%20time.%20The%20distributions%20of%20Ti%20and%20Cu%20are%20distinct%20between%20tubular%20mineralization%20and%20the%20crack-filling%20minerals%20and%20thus%20delineate%20sequential%20stages%20of%20fluid-rock%20interaction.%20The%20preserved%20chemistry%20of%20clay%20and%20oxide%20mineralization%20in%20the%20tubular%20alteration%20then%20represents%20a%20common%20precursor%20state%20%28e.g.%20Ti%20accumulation%29%2C%20that%20has%20not%20yet%20undergone%20recrystallization%20%28e.g.%20titanite%20formation%29%20as%20observed%20in%20many%20older%2C%20metamorphosed%20examples%20of%20tubular%20alteration.%20%28C%29%202013%20Elsevier%20B.V.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222013%5C%2F07%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.epsl.2013.05.012%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220012-821X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%229DIX4IZ8%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Fliegel%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EFliegel%2C%20D.%2C%20Knowles%2C%20E.%2C%20Wirth%2C%20R.%2C%20Templeton%2C%20A.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20Muehlenbachs%2C%20K.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Furnes%2C%20H.%20%282012%29.%20Characterization%20of%20alteration%20textures%20in%20Cretaceous%20oceanic%20crust%20%28pillow%20lava%29%20from%20the%20N-Atlantic%20%28DSDP%20Hole%20418A%29%20by%20spatially-resolved%20spectroscopy.%20%3Ci%3EGeochimica%20Et%20Cosmochimica%20Acta%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E96%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2080%26%23x2013%3B93.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.gca.2012.08.026%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.gca.2012.08.026%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Characterization%20of%20alteration%20textures%20in%20Cretaceous%20oceanic%20crust%20%28pillow%20lava%29%20from%20the%20N-Atlantic%20%28DSDP%20Hole%20418A%29%20by%20spatially-resolved%20spectroscopy%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fliegel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Knowles%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wirth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Templeton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muehlenbachs%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Furnes%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20habit%2C%20mineralogy%2C%20crystallography%2C%20and%20Fe%20speciation%20of%20tubular%20and%20granular%20alteration%20textures%20in%20basaltic%20glass%20recovered%20from%20DSDP%20Hole%20418A%2C%20which%20have%20previously%20been%20associated%20with%20biologically%20mediated%20alteration%2C%20were%20investigated%20using%20an%20integrated%20suite%20of%20microscopic%20and%20spectroscopic%20approaches%20in%20order%20to%20shine%20light%20on%20their%20formation%20and%20mineralization%20history.%20Two%20different%20analytical%20approaches%20were%20used%3A%20%281%29%20micro%20scale%20investigations%20with%20conventional%20petrographic%20optical%20microcopy%20and%20microscale%20X-ray%20fluorescence%20mapping%20and%20X-ray%20absorption%20spectroscopy%2C%20and%20%282%29%20nano%20scale%20analyses%20with%20FIB%20%28focused%20ion%20beam%20milling%29%20to%20prepare%20cross-sections%20for%20TEM%20%28transmission%20electron%20microscopy%29%2C%20EELS%20%28electron%20energy%20loss%20spectroscopy%29%2C%20and%20STXM%20%28scanning%20transmission%20electron%20microscopy%29%20analyses.%20The%20integrated%20data%20show%20that%20tubular%20and%20granular%20textures%20are%20similar%20in%20chemical%2C%20mineralogical%20and%20structural%20habit.%20Both%20granular%20and%20tubular%20alteration%20textures%20show%20a%20marked%20transition%20from%20ferrous%20iron%20in%20the%20glass%20matrix%20to%20ferric%20iron%20in%20the%20textures.%20Granular%20and%20tubular%20textures%20are%20filled%20with%20sheet%20silicates%20of%20similar%20chemistry%2C%20and%20both%20exhibit%20thin%20amorphous%20alteration%20rims%20similar%20to%2010-20%20nm%20wide.%20The%20alteration%20rims%20are%20typically%20depleted%20in%20Ca%20and%20Fe.%20Ca%20is%20enriched%20at%20the%20contact%20between%20the%20secondary%20mineralization%20and%20the%20alteration%20rims%2C%20whereas%20Fe%20is%20enriched%20throughout%20the%20alteration%20features%20and%20is%20mainly%20present%20as%20Fe-III%20in%20contrast%20to%20Fe-II%20in%20the%20host%20glass.%20Carbon%20is%20enriched%20only%20in%20a%20few%20areas%2C%20and%20could%20possibly%20be%20of%20organic%20origin%20but%20is%20not%20bound%20in%20carbonate.%20The%20mineralization%20of%20the%20features%20follows%20the%20sequence%3A%20dissolution%20of%20the%20glass%3B%20formation%20of%20a%20leached%20amorphous%20rim%3B%20mineralizing%20the%20cavities%20by%20smectide%20type%20clays%20and%20subsequently%20congruent%20growing%20of%20the%20texture%20diameter%20by%20diffusing%20of%20the%20elements%20through%20the%20alteration%20layer.%20None%20of%20the%20features%20could%20be%20linked%20solely%20to%20a%20biogenic%20origin%20and%20hence%20the%20biogenicity%20of%20the%20textures%20can%20neither%20be%20refuted%20nor%20supported%20by%20this%20micro-and%20nano-scale%20data%20set.%20%28C%29%202012%20Elsevier%20Ltd.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Nov%202012%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.gca.2012.08.026%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220016-7037%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A10Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22LJQ3KWPJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Edwards%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222011-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EEdwards%2C%20K.%20J.%2C%20Glazer%2C%20B.%20T.%2C%20Rouxel%2C%20O.%20J.%2C%20Bach%2C%20W.%2C%20Emerson%2C%20D.%2C%20Davis%2C%20R.%20E.%2C%20Toner%2C%20B.%20M.%2C%20Chan%2C%20C.%20S.%2C%20Tebo%2C%20B.%20M.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Moyer%2C%20C.%20L.%20%282011%29.%20Ultra-diffuse%20hydrothermal%20venting%20supports%20Fe-oxidizing%20bacteria%20and%20massive%20umber%20deposition%20at%205000%20m%20off%20Hawaii.%20%3Ci%3EIsme%20Journal%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E5%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2811%29%2C%201748%26%23x2013%3B1758.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fismej.2011.48%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fismej.2011.48%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Ultra-diffuse%20hydrothermal%20venting%20supports%20Fe-oxidizing%20bacteria%20and%20massive%20umber%20deposition%20at%205000%20m%20off%20Hawaii%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Edwards%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Glazer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22O.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rouxel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Emerson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Davis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Toner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tebo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moyer%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22A%20novel%20hydrothermal%20field%20has%20been%20discovered%20at%20the%20base%20of%20Loihi%20Seamount%2C%20Hawaii%2C%20at%205000%20mbsl.%20Geochemical%20analyses%20demonstrate%20that%20%27FeMO%20Deep%27%2C%20while%20only%200.2%20degrees%20C%20above%20ambient%20seawater%20temperature%2C%20derives%20from%20a%20distal%2C%20ultra-diffuse%20hydrothermal%20source.%20FeMO%20Deep%20is%20expressed%20as%20regional%20seafloor%20seepage%20of%20gelatinous%20iron-and%20silica-rich%20deposits%2C%20pooling%20between%20and%20over%20basalt%20pillows%2C%20in%20places%20over%20a%20meter%20thick.%20The%20system%20is%20capped%20by%20mm%20to%20cm%20thick%20hydrothermally%20derived%20iron-oxyhydroxide-and%20manganese-oxide-layered%20crusts.%20We%20use%20molecular%20analyses%20%2816S%20rDNA-based%29%20of%20extant%20communities%20combined%20with%20fluorescent%20in%20situ%20hybridizations%20to%20demonstrate%20that%20FeMO%20Deep%20deposits%20contain%20living%20iron-oxidizing%20Zetaproteobacteria%20related%20to%20the%20recently%20isolated%20strain%20Mariprofundus%20ferroxydans.%20Bioenergetic%20calculations%2C%20based%20on%20in-situ%20electrochemical%20measurements%20and%20cell%20counts%2C%20indicate%20that%20reactions%20between%20iron%20and%20oxygen%20are%20important%20in%20supporting%20chemosynthesis%20in%20the%20mats%2C%20which%20we%20infer%20forms%20a%20trophic%20base%20of%20the%20mat%20ecosystem.%20We%20suggest%20that%20the%20biogenic%20FeMO%20Deep%20hydrothermal%20deposit%20represents%20a%20modern%20analog%20for%20one%20class%20of%20geological%20iron%20deposits%20known%20as%20%60%20umbers%27%20%28for%20example%2C%20Troodos%20ophilolites%2C%20Cyprus%29%20because%20of%20striking%20similarities%20in%20size%2C%20setting%20and%20internal%20structures.%20The%20ISME%20Journal%20%282011%29%205%2C%201748-1758%3B%20doi%3A%2010.1038%5C%2Fismej.2011.48%3B%20published%20online%205%20May%202011%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Nov%202011%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fismej.2011.48%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221751-7362%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A19Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NHJPQQGF%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Koppers%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222011-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKoppers%2C%20A.%20A.%20P.%2C%20Russell%2C%20J.%20A.%2C%20Roberts%2C%20J.%2C%20Jackson%2C%20M.%20G.%2C%20Konter%2C%20J.%20G.%2C%20Wright%2C%20D.%20J.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Hart%2C%20S.%20R.%20%282011%29.%20Age%20systematics%20of%20two%20young%20en%20echelon%20Samoan%20volcanic%20trails.%20%3Ci%3EGeochemistry%20Geophysics%20Geosystems%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E12%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2010gc003438%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2010gc003438%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Age%20systematics%20of%20two%20young%20en%20echelon%20Samoan%20volcanic%20trails%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20A.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Koppers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Russell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Roberts%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jackson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Konter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wright%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hart%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20volcanic%20origin%20of%20the%20Samoan%20archipelago%20can%20be%20explained%20by%20one%20of%20three%20models%2C%20specifically%2C%20by%20a%20hot%20spot%20forming%20over%20a%20mantle%20plume%2C%20by%20lithospheric%20extension%20resulting%20from%20complex%20subduction%20tectonics%20in%20the%20region%2C%20or%20by%20a%20combination%20of%20these%20two%20processes%2C%20either%20acting%20sequentially%20or%20synchronously.%20In%20this%20paper%2C%20we%20present%20results%20of%2036%20high-resolution%20%2840%29Ar%5C%2F%2839%29Ar%20incremental%20heating%20age%20analyses%20for%20the%20initial%20%28submarine%29%20phase%20of%20Samoan%20volcanoes%2C%20ranging%20from%2013.2%20Ma%20for%20the%20westernmost%20Samoan%20seamounts%20to%200.27%20Ma%20in%20the%20eastern%20Samoan%20volcanic%20province.%20Taken%20as%20a%20whole%2C%20our%20new%20age%20data%20point%20to%20a%20hot%20spot%20origin%20for%20the%20shield-building%20volcanism%20in%20the%20Samoan%20lineament%2C%20whereby%20seamounts%20younger%20than%205%20Ma%20are%20consistent%20with%20a%20model%20of%20constant%207.1%20cm%5C%2Fyr%20plate%20motion%2C%20analogous%20to%20GPS%20measurements%20for%20the%20Pacific%20Plate%20in%20this%20region.%20This%20makes%20our%20new%20%2840%29Ar%5C%2F%2839%29Ar%20ages%20of%20the%20submarine%20basalts%20all%20older%20compared%20to%20recent%20absolute%20plate%20motion%20%28APM%29%20models%20by%20Wessel%20et%20al.%20%282008%29%2C%20which%20are%20based%20on%20the%20inversion%20of%20twelve%20independent%20seamount%20trails%20in%20the%20Pacific%20relative%20to%20a%20fixed%20reference%20frame%20of%20hot%20spots%20and%20which%20predict%20faster%20plate%20motions%20of%20around%209.3%20cm%5C%2Fyr%20in%20the%20vicinity%20of%20Samoa.%20The%20Samoan%20ages%20are%20also%20older%20than%20APM%20models%20by%20Steinberger%20et%20al.%20%282004%29%20taking%20into%20account%20the%20motion%20of%20hot%20spots%20in%20the%20Pacific%20alone%20or%20globally.%20The%20age%20systematics%20become%20more%20complicated%20toward%20the%20younger%20end%20of%20the%20Samoan%20seamount%20trail%2C%20where%20its%20morphology%20bifurcates%20into%20two%20en%20echelon%20subtracks%2C%20termed%20the%20VAI%20and%20MALU%20trends%2C%20as%20they%20emanate%20from%20two%20eruptive%20centers%20at%20Vailulu%27u%20and%20Malumalu%20seamount%2C%20respectively.%20Spaced%20similar%20to%2050%20km%20apart%2C%20the%20VAI%20and%20MALU%20trends%20have%20distinct%20geochemical%20characters%20and%20independent%20but%20overlapping%20linear%20%2840%29Ar%5C%2F%2839%29Ar%20age%20progressions%20since%201.5%20Ma.%20These%20phenomena%20are%20not%20unique%20to%20Samoa%2C%20as%20they%20have%20been%20observed%20at%20the%20Hawaiian%20hot%20spot%2C%20and%20can%20be%20attributed%20to%20a%20geochemical%20zoning%20in%20its%20underlying%20mantle%20source%20or%20plume.%20Moreover%2C%20the%20processes%20allowing%20for%20the%20emergence%20of%20two%20distinct%20eruptive%20centers%20in%20the%20Samoan%20archipelago%2C%20the%20stepped%20offset%20of%20these%20subtracks%2C%20and%20their%20slight%20obliqueness%20with%20respect%20to%20the%20overall%20seamount%20trail%20orientation%20may%20very%20well%20be%20controlled%20by%20local%20tectonics%2C%20stresses%2C%20and%20extension%2C%20also%20causing%20the%20rejuvenated%20volcanism%20on%20the%20main%20islands%20of%20Savai%27i%2C%20Upolu%2C%20and%20Tutuila%20since%200.4%20Ma.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jul%202011%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2010gc003438%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221525-2027%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226NPEEVDE%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Jackson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJackson%2C%20M.%20G.%2C%20Hart%2C%20S.%20R.%2C%20Konter%2C%20J.%20G.%2C%20Koppers%2C%20A.%20A.%20P.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20Kurz%2C%20M.%20D.%2C%20Blusztajn%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Sinton%2C%20J.%20M.%20%282010%29.%20Samoan%20hot%20spot%20track%20on%20a%20%26%23x201C%3Bhot%20spot%20highway%26%23x201D%3B%3A%20Implications%20for%20mantle%20plumes%20and%20a%20deep%20Samoan%20mantle%20source.%20%3Ci%3EGeochemistry%20Geophysics%20Geosystems%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E11%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2010gc003232%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2010gc003232%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Samoan%20hot%20spot%20track%20on%20a%20%5C%22hot%20spot%20highway%5C%22%3A%20Implications%20for%20mantle%20plumes%20and%20a%20deep%20Samoan%20mantle%20source%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jackson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hart%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Konter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20A.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Koppers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kurz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Blusztajn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sinton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20report%20new%20geochemical%20data%20for%20submarine%20lavas%20from%20the%20Samoan%20region%20that%20greatly%20enhance%20the%20geochemical%20data%20set%20for%20volcanoes%20from%20the%20hot%20spot.%20Additionally%2C%20two%20volcanoes%20dredged%20in%20the%20northern%20Lau%20Basin%2C%20Futuna%20Island%20and%20Manatu%20seamount%2C%20are%20young%20%28%3C5%20Ma%29%2C%20appear%20to%20be%20genetically%20related%2C%20and%20may%20have%20been%20generated%20by%20melting%20a%20component%20of%20Samoan%20mantle%20that%20has%20been%20advected%20into%20the%20region.%20We%20also%20find%20evidence%20for%20three%20seamounts%20and%20one%20atoll%20along%20the%20Samoan%20hot%20spot%20track%20that%20are%20not%20geochemically%20related%20to%20Samoa.%20We%20use%20a%20plate%20motion%20model%20to%20show%20that%20three%20non-Samoan%20hot%20spots%2C%20currently%20active%20in%20the%20Cook-Austral%20Islands%2C%20provided%20volcanism%20to%20the%20Pacific%20Plate%20now%20in%20the%20Samoan%20region%20approximately%2010-40%20Ma.%20The%20four%20interloping%20volcanoes%20in%20the%20Samoan%20region%20exhibit%20geochemical%20affinities%20with%20the%20three%20hot%20spots.%20All%20three%20hot%20spots%20would%20have%20left%20a%20depleted%2C%20viscous%2C%20refractory%20keel%20that%20is%20coupled%20to%20the%20base%20of%20the%20Pacific%20lithosphere%20that%20has%20been%20%5C%22rafted%5C%22%20to%20the%20Samoan%20region.%20Therefore%2C%20the%20new%20data%20also%20have%20implications%20for%20the%20origin%20of%20the%20Samoan%20hot%20spot%20as%20its%20origin%20has%20been%20suggested%20to%20be%20a%20result%20of%20either%20a%20deep-seated%20mantle%20plume%20or%20a%20consequence%20of%20lithospheric%20cracking.%20Without%20major%20modification%20of%20the%20current%20%5C%22propagating%20lithospheric%20cracks%5C%22%20model%2C%20it%20is%20not%20clear%20how%20such%20cracks%20could%20yield%20melts%20from%20the%20refractory%20keel%20present%20under%20the%20Samoan%20lithosphere.%20Instead%2C%20a%20region%20of%20buoyantly%20upwelling%20mantle%2C%20or%20plume%2C%20is%20suggested%20to%20generate%20the%20shield%20stage%20volcanism%20in%20the%20Samoan%20region.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Dec%202010%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2010gc003232%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221525-2027%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A21Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22S8ZRHYM5%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Fliegel%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EFliegel%2C%20D.%2C%20Wirth%2C%20R.%2C%20Simonetti%2C%20A.%2C%20Furnes%2C%20H.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20Hanski%2C%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Muehlenbachs%2C%20K.%20%282010%29.%20Septate-tubular%20textures%20in%202.0-Ga%20pillow%20lavas%20from%20the%20Pechenga%20Greenstone%20Belt%3A%20a%20nano-spectroscopic%20approach%20to%20investigate%20their%20biogenicity.%20%3Ci%3EGeobiology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E8%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%285%29%2C%20372%26%23x2013%3B390.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1472-4669.2010.00252.x%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1472-4669.2010.00252.x%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Septate-tubular%20textures%20in%202.0-Ga%20pillow%20lavas%20from%20the%20Pechenga%20Greenstone%20Belt%3A%20a%20nano-spectroscopic%20approach%20to%20investigate%20their%20biogenicity%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fliegel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wirth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Simonetti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Furnes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hanski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muehlenbachs%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Pillow%20lava%20rims%20and%20interpillow%20hyaloclastites%20from%20the%20upper%20part%20of%20the%20Pechenga%20Greenstone%20Belt%2C%20Kola%20Peninsula%2C%20N-Russia%20contain%20rare%20tubular%20textures%2015-20%20mu%20m%20in%20diameter%20and%20up%20to%20several%20hundred%20mu%20m%20long%20in%20prehnite-pumpellyite%20to%20lower%20greenschist%20facies%20meta-volcanic%20glass.%20The%20textures%20are%20septate%20with%20regular%20compartments%205-20%20mu%20m%20across%20and%20exhibit%20branching%2C%20stopping%20and%20no%20intersecting%20features.%20Synchrotron%20micro-energy%20dispersive%20X-ray%20was%20used%20to%20image%20elemental%20distributions%3B%20scanning%20transmission%20X-ray%20microscopy%2C%20Fe%20L-edge%20and%20C%20K-edge%20were%20used%20to%20identify%20iron%20and%20carbon%20speciation%20at%20interfaces%20between%20the%20tubular%20textures%20and%20the%20host%20rock.%20In%20situ%20U-Pb%20radiometric%20dating%20by%20LA-MC-ICP-MS%20%28laser%20ablation%20multicollector%20inductively%20coupled%20plasma%20mass%20spectrometry%29%20of%20titanite%20from%20pillow%20lavas%20yielded%20a%20metamorphic%20age%20of%201790%20%2B%5C%2F-%2089%20Ma.%20Focused%20ion-beam%20milling%20combined%20with%20transmission%20electron%20microscopy%20was%20used%20to%20analyze%20the%20textures%20in%20three%20dimensions.%20Electron%20diffraction%20showed%20that%20the%20textures%20are%20mineralized%20by%20orientated%20pumpellyite.%20On%20the%20margins%20of%20the%20tubes%2C%20an%20interface%20between%20mica%20or%20chlorite%20and%20the%20pumpellyite%20shows%20evidence%20of%20dissolution%20reactions%20where%20the%20pumpellyite%20is%20replaced%20by%20mica%5C%2Fchlorite.%20A%20thin%20poorly%20crystalline%20Fe-phase%2C%20probably%20precipitated%20out%20of%20solution%2C%20occurs%20at%20the%20interface%20between%20pumpellyite%20and%20mica%5C%2Fchlorite.%20This%20sequence%20of%20phases%20leads%20to%20the%20hypothesis%20that%20the%20tubes%20were%20initially%20hollow%2C%20compartmentalized%20structures%20in%20volcanic%20glass%20that%20were%20mineralized%20by%20pumpellyite%20during%20low-grade%20metamorphism.%20Later%2C%20a%20Fe-bearing%20fluid%20mineralized%20the%20compartments%20between%20the%20pumpellyite%20and%20lastly%20the%20pumpellyite%20was%20partially%20dissolved%20and%20replaced%20by%20chlorite%20during%20greenschist%20metamorphism.%20The%20most%20plausible%20origin%20for%20a%20septate-tubular%20texture%20is%20a%20progressive%20etching%20of%20the%20host%20matrix%20by%20several%20generations%20of%20microbes%20and%20subsequently%20these%20tubes%20were%20filled%20by%20authigenic%20mineral%20precipitates.%20This%20preserves%20the%20textures%20in%20the%20rock%20record%20over%20geological%20time.%20The%20micro%20textures%20reported%20here%20thus%20represent%20a%20pumpellyite-mineralized%20trace%20fossil%20that%20records%20a%20Paleoproterozoic%20sub-seafloor%20biosphere.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Dec%202010%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1111%5C%2Fj.1472-4669.2010.00252.x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221472-4677%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A19Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22UK27K2EY%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22McLoughlin%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMcLoughlin%2C%20N.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20Furnes%2C%20H.%2C%20Eickmann%2C%20B.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Ivarsson%2C%20M.%20%282010%29.%20Mechanisms%20of%20microtunneling%20in%20rock%20substrates%3A%20distinguishing%20endolithic%20biosignatures%20from%20abiotic%20microtunnels.%20%3Ci%3EGeobiology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E8%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29%2C%20245%26%23x2013%3B255.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1472-4669.2010.00243.x%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1472-4669.2010.00243.x%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Mechanisms%20of%20microtunneling%20in%20rock%20substrates%3A%20distinguishing%20endolithic%20biosignatures%20from%20abiotic%20microtunnels%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McLoughlin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Furnes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eickmann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ivarsson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Rock-dwelling%2C%20endolithic%20micro-organisms%20can%20create%20tubular%20microcavities%20%28TMCs%29%20by%20the%20dissolution%20of%20rock%20substrates.%20Microtunnels%20can%20also%20conceivably%20be%20formed%20by%20abiotic%20processes%2C%20and%20collectively%2C%20these%20structures%20are%20here%20termed%20tubular%20microcavities.%20A%20textural%20record%20of%20life%20in%20subseafloor%20environments%20is%20provided%20by%20biological%20TMCs%2C%20and%20it%20is%20imperative%20to%20distinguish%20these%20from%20abiological%20tunnels.%20To%20this%20end%2C%20the%20morphologies%20and%20petrographic%20context%20of%20tunnels%20formed%20by%20chemical%20solution%2C%20physical%20abrasion%2C%20and%20biological%20processes%20are%20here%20described.%20Biological%20TMCs%20in%20volcanic%20glass%20are%20restricted%20to%20sites%20that%20were%20connected%20to%20early%20fluid%20circulation.%20Their%20shapes%2C%20distribution%2C%20and%20the%20absence%20of%20intersections%20exclude%20an%20origin%20by%20chemical%20dissolution%20of%20pre-existing%20heterogeneities%20such%20as%2C%20radiation%20damage%20trails%2C%20gas-escape%20structures%2C%20or%20fluid%20inclusion%20trails.%20Rather%20their%20characteristics%20are%20best%20explained%20by%20microbial%20dissolution%2C%20involving%20perhaps%2C%20cellular%20extensions%20that%20provide%20a%20mechanism%20of%20localizing%20and%20directing%20microtunnel%20formation%20as%20observed%20in%20terrestrial%20soils.%20Biological%20TMCs%20are%20contrasted%20with%20ambient%20inclusion%20trails%20%28AITs%29%20found%20in%20cherts%20and%20authigenic%20minerals.%20These%20differ%20in%20exhibiting%20longitudinal%20striae%2C%20a%20constant%20diameter%2C%20and%20polygonal%20cross-section%2C%20sometimes%20with%20terminal%20inclusions.%20The%20origin%28s%29%20of%20AITs%20remain%20unclear%20but%20they%20are%20hypothesized%20to%20form%20by%20migration%20of%20crystalline%20or%20organic%20inclusions%20in%20sealed%20substrates%2C%20in%20contrast%20to%20biotic%20TMCs%20that%20form%20in%20open%20systems.%20We%20present%20diagnostic%20morphological%20and%20petrographic%20criteria%20for%20distinguishing%20these%20different%20types%20of%20TMCs.%20Moreover%2C%20we%20argue%20that%20AIT-type%20processes%20are%20not%20viable%20in%20volcanic%20glass%20because%20of%20the%20absence%20of%20crystalline%20millstones%2C%20localized%20chemical%20solution%20agents%2C%20and%20elevated%20fluid%20pressures%2C%20necessary%20to%20drive%20this%20process.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Sep%202010%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1111%5C%2Fj.1472-4669.2010.00243.x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221472-4677%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A23Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22RFKQHRL3%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Staudigel%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20Koppers%2C%20A.%20A.%20P.%2C%20Plank%2C%20T.%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Hanan%2C%20B.%20B.%20%282010%29.%20Seamounts%20in%20the%20Subduction%20Factory.%20%3Ci%3EOceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E23%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%20176%26%23x2013%3B181.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5670%5C%2Foceanog.2010.69%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5670%5C%2Foceanog.2010.69%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Seamounts%20in%20the%20Subduction%20Factory%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20A.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Koppers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Plank%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hanan%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20%5C%22Subduction%20Factory%5C%22%20is%20a%20metaphor%20for%20the%20geochemical%20processing%20of%20subducted%20oceanic%20crust%20and%20sediment%20into%20components%20that%20are%20either%20incorporated%20into%20the%20volcanic%20arc%20or%20recycled%20into%20Earth%27s%20mantle.%20Seamounts%20may%20be%20a%20significant%20source%20of%20material%20to%20the%20Subduction%20Factory%2C%20in%20particular%2C%20by%20providing%20trace%20elements%20Such%20as%20K%2C%20Ba%2C%20La%2C%20Ce%2C%20U%2C%20Th%2C%20Pb%2C%20Rb%2C%20and%20Cs.%20Seamount%20subduction%20might%20also%20play%20a%20role%20in%20the%20global%20distribution%20of%20chemical%20mantle%20heterogeneities.%20Neither%20one%20of%20these%20effects%20of%20seamount%20subduction%20is%20well%20understood.%20The%20Izu-Bonin-Marianas%20%28IBM%29%20volcanic%20arc%20is%20a%20region%20where%20the%20potential%20impact%20of%20seamount%20subduction%20may%20be%20explored%20most%20effectively.%20There%2C%20sections%20of%20the%20IBM%20arc%20and%20many%20of%20the%20incoming%20seamounts%20display%20unusually%20high%20%28206%29Pb%5C%2F%28204%29Pb%20ratios%2C%20which%20offer%20a%20particularly%20promising%20geochemical%20tracer%20that%20may%20help%20quantity%20seamount%20input%20into%20the%20Subduction%20Factory.%20Although%20this%20process%20remains%20to%20be%20explored%20in%20a%20quantitative%20manner%2C%20it%20is%20apparent%20that%20the%20demise%20of%20seamounts%20in%20subduction%20zones%20offers%20an%20exciting%20research%20target%20with%20important%20consequences%20for%20globally%20relevant%20geochemical%20processes.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Mar%202010%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5670%5C%2Foceanog.2010.69%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221042-8275%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A25Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22QF9WSTUG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Staudigel%20and%20Clague%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Clague%2C%20D.%20A.%20%282010%29.%20The%20Geological%20History%20of%20Deep-Sea%20Volcanoes%20Biosphere%2C%20Hydrosphere%2C%20and%20Lithosphere%20Interactions.%20%3Ci%3EOceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E23%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%2058%26%23x2013%3B71.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5670%5C%2Foceanog.2010.62%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5670%5C%2Foceanog.2010.62%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Geological%20History%20of%20Deep-Sea%20Volcanoes%20Biosphere%2C%20Hydrosphere%2C%20and%20Lithosphere%20Interactions%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Clague%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20geological%20evolution%20of%20seamounts%20has%20distinct%20influence%20on%20their%20interactions%20with%20the%20ocean%2C%20their%20hydrology%2C%20geochemical%20fluxes%2C%20biology%2C%20resources%2C%20and%20geohazards.%20There%20are%20six%20geological%20evolutionary%20stages%20of%20seamounts%3A%20%281%29%20Small%20seamounts%20%28100-1000-m%20height%29%2C%20%282%29%20mid-sized%20seamounts%20%28%3E%201000-m%20height%2C%20%3E%20700-m%20eruption%20depth%29%2C%20%283%29%20explosive%20seamounts%20%28%3C%20700-m%20eruption%20depth%29%2C%20%284%29%20ocean%20islands%2C%20%285%29%20extinct%20seamounts%2C%20and%20%286%29%20subducting%20seamounts.%20Throughout%20their%20lifetimes%2C%20seamounts%20offer%20major%20passageways%20for%20fluid%20Circulation%20that%20promotes%20geochemical%20exchange%20between%20seawater%20and%20the%20volcanic%20oceanic%20crust%2C%20and%20seamounts%20likely%20host%20significant%20microbial%20communities.%20Water%20circulation%20may%20be%20promoted%20by%20hydrothermal%20siphons%20in%20conjunction%20with%20the%20underlying%20oceanic%20crust%2C%20or%20it%20may%20be%20driven%20by%20intrusions%20inside%20seamounts%20from%20Stage%202%20onward.%20Geochemical%20fluxes%20are%20likely%20to%20be%20very%20large%2C%20primarily%20because%20of%20the%20very%20large%20number%20of%20Stage%20I%20seamounts.%20Intrusive%20growth%20of%20seamounts%20also%20initiates%20internal%20deformation%20that%20ultimately%20may%20trigger%20volcano%20sector%20collapse%20that%20likely%20peaks%20at%20the%20end%20of%20the%20main%20volcanic%20activity%20at%20large%20seamounts%20or%20islands.%20Explosive%20activity%20at%20seamounts%20may%20begin%20at%20abyssal%20depth%2C%20but%20it%20is%20most%20pronounced%20at%20eruption%20depths%20shallower%20than%20700%20m.%20Wave%20erosion%20inhibits%20the%20emergence%20of%20islands%20and%20shortens%20their%20lifespans%20before%20they%20Subside%20due%20to%20lithosphere%20cooling.%20Once%20volcanism%20ends%20and%20a%20seamount%20is%20Submerged%2C%20seamounts%20are%20largely%20unaffected%20by%20collapse%20or%20erosion.%20Throughout%20their%20histories%2C%20seamounts%20offer%20habitats%20for%20diverse%20micro-%20and%20macrobiological%20communities%2C%20Culminating%20with%20the%20formation%20of%20coral%20reefs%20in%20tropical%20latitudes.%20Geological%20hazards%20associated%20with%20seamounts%20are%20responsible%20for%20some%20of%20the%20largest%20natural%20disasters%20recorded%20in%20history%20and%20include%20major%20explosive%20eruptions%20and%20large-scale%20landslides%20that%20may%20trigger%20tsunamis.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Mar%202010%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5670%5C%2Foceanog.2010.62%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221042-8275%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A23Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22894FT7L8%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22McLoughlin%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A5%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMcLoughlin%2C%20N.%2C%20Fliegel%2C%20D.%20J.%2C%20Furnes%2C%20H.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20Simonetti%2C%20A.%2C%20Zhao%2C%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Robinson%2C%20P.%20T.%20%282010%29.%20Assessing%20the%20biogenicity%20and%20syngenicity%20of%20candidate%20bioalteration%20textures%20in%20pillow%20lavas%20of%20the%20delta%202.52%20Ga%20Wutai%20greenstone%20terrane%20of%20China.%20%3Ci%3EChinese%20Science%20Bulletin%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E55%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29%2C%20188%26%23x2013%3B199.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs11434-009-0448-0%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs11434-009-0448-0%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Assessing%20the%20biogenicity%20and%20syngenicity%20of%20candidate%20bioalteration%20textures%20in%20pillow%20lavas%20of%20the%20delta%202.52%20Ga%20Wutai%20greenstone%20terrane%20of%20China%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McLoughlin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fliegel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Furnes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Simonetti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Guochun%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhao%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Robinson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Microorganisms%20that%20inhabit%20sub-seafloor%20lavas%20are%20capable%20of%20etching%20volcanic%20glass%20and%20creating%20micron-sized%20tunnels%20and%20pits.%20Mineralization%20of%20these%20bioalteration%20traces%20ensures%20that%20these%20textures%20survive%20deformation%20and%20transformation%20of%20the%20host%20glass%20to%20metamorphic%20minerals.%20The%20fossil%20record%20of%20such%20bioalteration%20textures%20extends%20far%20beyond%20volcanic%20glass%20from%20in-situ%20oceanic%20crust%20to%20include%20meta-volcanic%20glass%20from%20ophiolites%20and%20Precambrian%20greenstone%20belts.%20Investigation%20of%20petrographic%20thin%20section%20reported%20here%20from%20approximately%202.52%20Ga%20tholeiitic%20pillow%20lavas%20from%20the%20Wutai%20Group%20of%20N.%20China%20found%20filamentous%20micro-textures.%20Laser%20Raman%20spectroscopy%20confirmed%20that%20these%20textures%20are%20mineralized%20by%20titanite.%20Moreover%2C%20the%20Wutai%20micro-textures%20are%20comparable%20in%20size%2C%20morphology%20and%20distribution%20to%20bioalteration%20textures%20from%20Archean%20greenschist%20facies%20pillow%20lavas.%20In-situ%20U-Pb%20dating%20of%20the%20titanite%20by%20laser%20ablation%20multi-collector%20inductively%20coupled%20plasma%20mass%20spectrometry%20%28LA-MC-ICP-MS%29%20gives%20an%20age%20of%201.81%20%2B%20or%20-%200.12%20Ga%20%282sigma%20%2C%20n%3D22%2C%20%28super%20206%29%20Pb%5C%2F%20%28super%20238%29%20U%20weighted%20average%29.%20This%20provides%20a%20minimum%20age%20for%20the%20mineralization%20of%20these%20candidate%20bioalteration%20textures%20and%20corresponds%20to%20a%20regional%20metamorphic%20event.%20This%20also%20represents%20a%20minimum%20age%20estimate%20for%20the%20timing%20of%20bioalteration%20and%20is%20compatible%20with%20the%20existence%20of%20a%20Late%20Archean-Proterozoic%20sub-seafloor%20biosphere.%20Copyright%202010%20Science%20in%20China%20Press%20and%20Springer%20Berlin%20Heidelberg%20and%202009%20Science%20in%20China%20Press%20and%20Springer-Verlag%20GmbH%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs11434-009-0448-0%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221001-6538%2C%201001-6538%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A12Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NRYM7WFL%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hein%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHein%2C%20J.%20R.%2C%20Conrad%2C%20T.%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%20%282010%29.%20Seamount%20Mineral%20Deposits%3B%20A%20Sources%20of%20Rare%20Metals%20for%20High-Technology%20Industries.%20%3Ci%3EOceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E23%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%20184%26%23x2013%3B184.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5670%5C%2Foceanog.2010.70%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5670%5C%2Foceanog.2010.70%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Seamount%20Mineral%20Deposits%3B%20A%20Sources%20of%20Rare%20Metals%20for%20High-Technology%20Industries%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hein%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Conrad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20near%20exponential%20growth%20in%20Earth%27s%20population%20and%20the%20global%20economy%20puts%20increasing%20constraints%20on%20our%20planet%27s%20finite%20supply%20of%20natural%20metal%20resources%2C%20and%2C%20consequently%2C%20there%20is%20an%20increasing%20need%20for%20new%20sources%20to%20supply%20high-tech%20industries.%20To%20date%2C%20effectively%20all%20of%20our%20raw-metal%20resources%20are%20produced%20at%20land-based%20sites.%20Except%20for%20nearshore%20placer%20deposits%2C%20the%20marine%20environment%20has%20been%20largely%20excluded%20from%20metal%20mining%20due%20to%20technological%20difficulties%2C%20even%20though%20it%20covers%20more%20than%2070%25%20of%20the%20planet.%20The%20case%20can%20be%20made%20that%20deep-water%20seabed%20mining%20is%20inevitable%20in%20the%20future%2C%20owing%20to%20the%20critical%20and%20strategic%20metal%20needs%20for%20human%20society.%20In%20this%20paper%2C%20we%20evaluate%20the%20case%20that%20seamounts%20offer%20significant%20potential%20for%20mining.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5670%5C%2Foceanog.2010.70%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221042-8275%2C%201042-8275%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A12Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KD4Q56H3%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Templeton%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ETempleton%2C%20A.%20S.%2C%20Knowles%2C%20E.%20J.%2C%20Eldridge%2C%20D.%20L.%2C%20Arey%2C%20B.%20W.%2C%20Dohnalkova%2C%20A.%20C.%2C%20Webb%2C%20S.%20M.%2C%20Bailey%2C%20B.%20E.%2C%20Tebo%2C%20B.%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%20%282009%29.%20A%20seafloor%20microbial%20biome%20hosted%20within%20incipient%20ferromanganese%20crusts.%20%3Ci%3ENature%20Geoscience%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E2%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2812%29%2C%20872%26%23x2013%3B876.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fngeo696%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fngeo696%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20seafloor%20microbial%20biome%20hosted%20within%20incipient%20ferromanganese%20crusts%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Templeton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Knowles%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eldridge%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dohnalkova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Webb%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bailey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tebo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Exposed%20rocks%20at%20underwater%20volcanoes%20and%20ridges%20host%20complex%2C%20abundant%20and%20diverse%20microbial%20communities%281-3%29.%20The%20volcanic%20glasses%20associated%20with%20these%20features%20constitute%20one%20of%20the%20most%20geochemically%20reactive%20components%20of%20the%20Earth%27s%20crust.%20The%20most%20commonly%20held%20hypothesis%20is%20that%20their%20oxidation%20in%20sea%20water%20provides%20the%20energy%20necessary%20to%20establish%20a%20seafloor%20biosphere%284-7%29.%20However%2C%20this%20hypothesis%20has%20yet%20to%20be%20directly%20tested.%20Here%20we%20used%20synchrotron-based%20X-ray%20microprobe%20mapping%2C%20X-ray%20absorption%20spectroscopy%20and%20high-resolution%20scanning%20and%20transmission%20electron%20microscopy%20techniques%20to%20examine%20the%20initial%20chemical%20changes%20that%20occur%20as%20the%20glassy%20rims%20of%20young%20pillow%20basalts%20are%20colonized%20by%20microbial%20organisms%20at%20Loihi%20seamount%2C%20Hawaii.%20We%20found%20little%20evidence%20of%20basalt%20dissolution.%20Instead%2C%20microbial%20biofilms%20were%20intimately%20associated%20with%20Fe%28III%29-%20and%20Mn%28IV%29-oxides%20that%20had%20precipitated%20from%20sea%20water%20onto%20the%20fresh%20basalt%20surfaces.%20These%20accumulations%20of%20secondary%20minerals%20probably%20represent%20the%20earliest%20stages%20of%20ferromanganese%20crust%20formation.%20We%20suggest%20that%20fluid-derived%20energy%20sources%2C%20such%20as%20dissolved%20and%20particulate%20Fe%28II%29%2C%20Mn%28II%29%20and%20organic%20matter%2C%20may%20support%20the%20microbial%20communities%20colonizing%20seafloor%20rocks%20to%20a%20greater%20degree%20than%20local%20rock%20dissolution.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Dec%202009%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fngeo696%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221752-0894%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%222Y6CS3E3%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Orcutt%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EOrcutt%2C%20B.%2C%20Bailey%2C%20B.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20Tebo%2C%20B.%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Edwards%2C%20K.%20J.%20%282009%29.%20An%20interlaboratory%20comparison%20of%2016S%20rRNA%20gene-based%20terminal%20restriction%20fragment%20length%20polymorphism%20and%20sequencing%20methods%20for%20assessing%20microbial%20diversity%20of%20seafloor%20basalts.%20%3Ci%3EEnvironmental%20Microbiology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E11%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%287%29%2C%201728%26%23x2013%3B1735.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1462-2920.2009.01899.x%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1462-2920.2009.01899.x%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22An%20interlaboratory%20comparison%20of%2016S%20rRNA%20gene-based%20terminal%20restriction%20fragment%20length%20polymorphism%20and%20sequencing%20methods%20for%20assessing%20microbial%20diversity%20of%20seafloor%20basalts%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Orcutt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bailey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tebo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Edwards%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22P%3EWe%20present%20an%20interlaboratory%20comparison%20between%20full-length%2016S%20rRNA%20gene%20sequence%20analysis%20and%20terminal%20restriction%20fragment%20length%20polymorphism%20%28TRFLP%29%20for%20microbial%20communities%20hosted%20on%20seafloor%20basaltic%20lavas%2C%20with%20the%20goal%20of%20evaluating%20how%20similarly%20these%20two%20different%20DNA-based%20methods%20used%20in%20two%20independent%20labs%20would%20estimate%20the%20microbial%20diversity%20of%20the%20same%20basalt%20samples.%20Two%20samples%20were%20selected%20for%20these%20analyses%20based%20on%20differences%20detected%20in%20the%20overall%20levels%20of%20microbial%20diversity%20between%20them.%20Richness%20estimators%20indicate%20that%20TRFLP%20analysis%20significantly%20underestimates%20the%20richness%20of%20the%20relatively%20high-diversity%20seafloor%20basalt%20microbial%20community%3A%20at%20least%2050%25%20of%20species%20from%20the%20high-diversity%20site%20are%20missed%20by%20TRFLP.%20However%2C%20both%20methods%20reveal%20similar%20dominant%20species%20from%20the%20samples%2C%20and%20they%20predict%20similar%20levels%20of%20relative%20diversity%20between%20the%20two%20samples.%20Importantly%2C%20these%20results%20suggest%20that%20DNA-extraction%20or%20PCR-related%20bias%20between%20the%20two%20laboratories%20is%20minimal.%20We%20conclude%20that%20TRFLP%20may%20be%20useful%20for%20relative%20comparisons%20of%20diversity%20between%20basalt%20samples%2C%20for%20identifying%20dominant%20species%2C%20and%20for%20estimating%20the%20richness%20and%20evenness%20of%20low-diversity%2C%20skewed%20populations%20of%20seafloor%20basalt%20microbial%20communities%2C%20but%20that%20TRFLP%20may%20miss%20a%20majority%20of%20species%20in%20relatively%20highly%20diverse%20samples.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jul%202009%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1111%5C%2Fj.1462-2920.2009.01899.x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221462-2912%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A23Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22VV8PVCGN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Konter%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKonter%2C%20J.%20G.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20Blichert-Toft%2C%20J.%2C%20Hanan%2C%20B.%20B.%2C%20Polve%2C%20M.%2C%20Davies%2C%20G.%20R.%2C%20Shimizu%2C%20N.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Schiffman%2C%20P.%20%282009%29.%20Geochemical%20stages%20at%20Jasper%20Seamount%20and%20the%20origin%20of%20intraplate%20volcanoes.%20%3Ci%3EGeochemistry%20Geophysics%20Geosystems%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E10%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2008gc002236%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2008gc002236%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Geochemical%20stages%20at%20Jasper%20Seamount%20and%20the%20origin%20of%20intraplate%20volcanoes%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Konter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Blichert-Toft%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hanan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Polve%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Davies%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shimizu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schiffman%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Ocean%20intraplate%20volcanoes%20%28OIVs%29%20are%20formed%20in%20a%20sequence%20of%20stages%2C%20from%20large%20to%20small%2C%20that%20involve%20a%20systematic%20progression%20in%20mantle%20melting%20in%20terms%20of%20volumes%20and%20melt%20fractions%20with%20concomitant%20distinct%20mantle%20source%20signatures.%20The%20Hawaiian%20volcanoes%20are%20the%20best-known%20example%20of%20this%20type%20of%20evolution%2C%20even%20though%20they%20are%20extraordinarily%20large.%20We%20explore%20the%20Pb-Sr-Nd-Hf%20isotopic%20evolution%20of%20much%20smaller%20OIVs%20in%20the%20Fieberling-Guadalupe%20Seamount%20Trail%20%28FGST%29%20and%20small%2C%20near-ridge%20generated%20seamounts%20in%20the%20same%20region.%20In%20particular%2C%20we%20investigate%20whether%20we%20can%20extend%20the%20Hawaiian%20models%20to%20Jasper%20Seamount%20in%20the%20FGST%2C%20which%20displays%20three%20distinct%20volcanic%20stages.%20Each%20stage%20has%20characteristic%20variations%20in%20Pb-Sr-Nd-Hf%20isotopic%20composition%20and%20trace%20element%20enrichment%20that%20are%20remarkably%20similar%20to%20the%20systematics%20observed%20in%20Hawaii%3A%20%281%29%20The%20most%20voluminous%2C%20basal%20%5C%22shield%20building%27%27%20stage%2C%20the%20Flank%20Transitional%20Series%20%28FTS%29%2C%20displays%20slightly%20isotopically%20enriched%20compositions%20compared%20to%20the%20common%20component%20C%20and%20the%20least%20enriched%20trace%20elements%20%28%28143%29Nd%5C%2F%28144%29Nd%3A%200.512866-0.512909%2C%20%28206%29Pb%5C%2F%28204%29Pb%3A%2018.904-19.054%3B%20La%5C%2FSm%3A%203.71-4.82%29.%20%282%29%20The%20younger%20and%20substantially%20less%20voluminous%20Flank%20Alkalic%20Series%20%28FAS%29%20is%20comparatively%20depleted%20in%20Sr%2C%20Nd%2C%20and%20Hf%20isotope%20compositions%20plotting%20on%20the%20side%20of%20C%2C%20near%20the%20least%20extreme%20values%20for%20the%20Austral%20Islands%20and%20St.%20Helena.%20Trace%20elements%20are%20highly%20enriched%20%28%28143%29Nd%5C%2F%28144%29Nd%3A%200.512912-0.512948%2C%20%28206%29Pb%5C%2F%28204%29Pb%3A%2019.959-20.185%3B%20La%5C%2FSm%3A9.24%29.%20%283%29%20The%20Summit%20Alkalic%20Series%20%28SAS%29%20displays%20the%20most%20depleted%20Sr%2C%20Nd%2C%20and%20Hf%20isotope%20ratios%20and%20is%20very%20close%20in%20isotopic%20composition%20to%20the%20nearby%20near-ridge%20seamounts%20but%20with%20highly%20enriched%20trace%20elements%20%28%28143%29Nd%5C%2F%28144%29Nd%3A%200.512999-0.513050%2C%20%28206%29Pb%5C%2F%28204%29Pb%3A%2019.080-19.237%3B%20La%5C%2FSm%3A%205.73-8.61%29.%20These%20data%20fit%20well%20with%20proposed%20multicomponent%20melting%20models%20for%20Hawaii%2C%20where%20source%20lithology%20controls%20melt%20productivity.%20We%20examine%20the%20effect%20of%20melting%20a%20source%20with%20dry%20peridotite%2C%20wet%20peridotite%2C%20and%20pyroxenite%2C%20calculating%20melt%20productivity%20functions%20with%20depth%20to%20evaluate%20the%20effect%20of%20potential%20temperature%20and%20lithospheric%20thickness.%20This%20type%20of%20melting%20model%20appears%20to%20explain%20the%20isotopic%20variation%20in%20a%20range%20of%20small%20to%20large%20OIVs%2C%20in%20particular%20for%20OIVs%20occurring%20far%20from%20the%20complicating%20effects%20of%20plate%20boundaries%20and%20continental%20crust%2C%20constraining%20their%20geodynamic%20origin.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Feb%202009%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2008gc002236%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221525-2027%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22AEWYUUAY%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22McLoughlin%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMcLoughlin%2C%20N.%2C%20Furnes%2C%20H.%2C%20Banerjee%2C%20N.%20R.%2C%20Muehlenbachs%2C%20K.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%20%282009%29.%20Ichnotaxonomy%20of%20microbial%20trace%20fossils%20in%20volcanic%20glass.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20the%20Geological%20Society%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E166%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20159%26%23x2013%3B169.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1144%5C%2F0016-76492008-049%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1144%5C%2F0016-76492008-049%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Ichnotaxonomy%20of%20microbial%20trace%20fossils%20in%20volcanic%20glass%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McLoughlin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Furnes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Banerjee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muehlenbachs%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Ancient%20microbial%20activity%20in%20volcanic%20glass%20creates%20micron-sized%20cavities%20that%20call%20be%20regarded%20as%20trace%20fossils.%20These%20are%20common%20in%20glassy%20rims%20of%20oceanic%20pillow%20lavas%20and%20volcanic%20breccias.%20Morphologically%20comparable%20mineralized%20traces%20are%20also%20found%20in%20%28meta%29-volcanic%20glasses%20from%20ophiolites%20and%20Precambrian%20greenstone%20belts.%20Multiple%20lines%20of%20evidence%20indicate%20microbial%20formation%20of%20these%20borings%2C%20although%20the%20affinity%20of%20the%20trace%20maker%28s%29%20is%20poorly%20constrained.%20Two%20broad%20morphological%20types%20have%20been%20previously%20recognized%20and%20termed%20%27granular%27%20and%20%27tubular%27%20bioalteration%20textures.%20Here%20optical%20microscopy%20and%20SEM%20observations%20are%20used%20to%20erect%20two%20new%20ichnogenera%3A%20Granulohyalichnus%20igen.%20nov.%20and%20Tubulohyalichnus%20igen.%20nov.%20Five%20ichnospecies%20are%20also%20defined%3A%20Granulohyalichnus%20vulgaris%20isp.%20nov.%2C%20a%20granular%20species%27%20Tubulohyalichnus%20simplus%20isp.%20nov%2C%20all%20unornamented%20tubular%20species%3B%20Tubulohyalichnus%20annularis%20isp.%20nov.%2C%20an%20annulated%20tubular%20species%3B%20Tubulohyalichnus%20spiralis%20isp.%20nov%2C%20a%20helicoidal%20tubular%20species%3B%20Tubulohyalichnus%20stipes%20isp.%20nov.%2C%20a%20branched%20tubular%20species.%20This%20systematic%20taxonomy%20is%20advanced%20to%20allow%20reliable%20comparisons%20to%20be%20made%20between%20new%20and%20existing%20reports%20of%20these%20microbial%20borings.%20Moreover%2C%20the%20adoption%20of%20a%20taxonomic%20framework%20will%20aid%20the%20development%20of%20these%20ichnofossils%20as%20palaeoenvironmental%20indicators%20and%20tracers%20of%20microbial%20evolution.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jan%202009%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1144%5C%2F0016-76492008-049%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220016-7649%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A23Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22QL78T2RZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lawrence%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A3%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELawrence%2C%20K.%20P.%2C%20Tauxe%2C%20L.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20Constable%2C%20C.%20G.%2C%20Koppers%2C%20A.%2C%20McIntosh%2C%20W.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Johnson%2C%20C.%20L.%20%282009%29.%20Paleomagnetic%20field%20properties%20at%20high%20southern%20latitude.%20%3Ci%3EGeochemistry%20Geophysics%20Geosystems%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E10%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2008gc002072%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2008gc002072%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Paleomagnetic%20field%20properties%20at%20high%20southern%20latitude%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lawrence%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tauxe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Constable%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Koppers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McIntosh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Statistical%20analyses%20of%20paleomagnetic%20data%20from%20lava%20flows%20are%20used%20to%20study%20geomagnetic%20field%20behavior%20on%20million%20year%20timescales.%20Previous%20paleomagnetic%20studies%20have%20lacked%20high-latitude%20measurements%20necessary%20to%20investigate%20the%20persistence%20of%20geomagnetic%20anomalies%20observed%20in%20the%20recent%20and%20historical%20field%20and%20replicated%20in%20some%20numerical%20geodynamo%20simulations.%20These%20simulations%20suggest%20that%20reduced%20convective%20flow%20inside%20the%20tangent%20cylinder%20may%20affect%20the%20magnetic%20field%20at%20high%20latitude%2C%20whereas%20lower-latitude%20observations%20are%20expressions%20of%20columnar%5C%2Fhelical%20flow%20outside%20the%20tangent%20cylinder.%20This%20paper%20presents%20new%20paleointensity%20and%20paleodirectional%20data%20from%20100%20volcanic%20sites%20in%20the%20Erebus%20Volcanic%20Province%20%28EVP%29%2C%20Antarctica%2C%20and%2021%20new%20age%20determinations%20by%20the%20%2840%29Ar%5C%2F%2839%29Ar%20incremental%20heating%20method.%20The%20new%20EVP%20data%20are%20combined%20with%20previously%20published%20paleomagnetic%20and%20geochronological%20results%2C%20providing%20133%20sites%2C%2091%20having%20radioisotopic%20dates.%20Modified%20Thellier-Thellier%20paleointensity%20estimates%20are%20reported%20for%2047%20sites%20%2837%20have%20dates%29.%20Ages%20for%20the%20combined%20data%20set%20span%200.03%20to%2013.42%20Ma.%20The%20125%20high-quality%20EVP%20directional%20data%20selected%20from%20the%20merged%20data%20set%20have%20a%20non-Fisherian%20distribution%20and%20a%20mean%20direction%20with%20an%20inclination%20anomaly%20of%20similar%20to%203%20degrees%2C%20but%2095%25%20confidence%20limits%20include%20the%20prediction%20from%20a%20geocentric%20axial%20dipole.%20Virtual%20geomagnetic%20pole%20%28VGP%29%20dispersions%20for%20Brunhes%2C%20Matuyama%2C%20and%20the%20combined%200-5%20Ma%20data%20set%20are%20consistently%20high%20compared%20with%20values%20from%20middle-to%20low-latitude%20regions%20regardless%20of%20the%20criterion%20used%20to%20determine%20transitional%20fields.%20With%20VGP%20latitude%20cut%20off%20at%2045%20degrees%2C%20the%20dispersion%20%2823.9%20%2B%5C%2F-2.1%20degrees%29%20for%20the%20combined%200-5%20Ma%20EVP%20data%20set%20is%20consistent%20with%20earlier%20high-latitude%20data%20and%20paleosecular%20variation%20%28PSV%29%20in%20Model%20G%20but%20not%20with%20some%20more%20recent%20statistical%20PSV%20models.%20Mean%20EVP%20paleointensity%20of%2031.5%20%2B%5C%2F-2.4%20mu%20T%2C%20derived%20from%2041%20high-quality%20sites%2C%20is%20about%20half%20the%20current%20value%20at%20McMurdo%20%28similar%20to%2063%20mu%20T%29.%20The%20result%20is%20essentially%20independent%20of%20data%20selection%20criteria.%20High%20VGP%20dispersion%20and%20low-intensity%20values%20support%20the%20global%20observation%20of%20anticorrelation%20between%20directional%20variability%20and%20field%20strength.%20Simulations%20of%20time-varying%20dipole%20strength%20show%20that%20uneven%20temporal%20sampling%20may%20bias%20the%20mean%20EVP%20intensity%20estimate%2C%20but%20the%20possibility%20of%20persistently%20anomalous%20field%20behavior%20at%20high%20latitude%20cannot%20be%20excluded.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jan%202009%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2008gc002072%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221525-2027%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22J3SJJMZT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Sudek%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESudek%2C%20L.%20A.%2C%20Templeton%2C%20A.%20S.%2C%20Tebo%2C%20B.%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%20%282009%29.%20Microbial%20Ecology%20of%20Fe%20%28hydr%29oxide%20Mats%20and%20Basaltic%20Rock%20from%20Vailulu%26%23x2019%3Bu%20Seamount%2C%20American%20Samoa.%20%3Ci%3EGeomicrobiology%20Journal%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E26%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%288%29%2C%20581%26%23x2013%3B596.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F01490450903263400%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F01490450903263400%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Microbial%20Ecology%20of%20Fe%20%28hydr%29oxide%20Mats%20and%20Basaltic%20Rock%20from%20Vailulu%27u%20Seamount%2C%20American%20Samoa%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sudek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Templeton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tebo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Microbial%20community%20analysis%20of%20a%20deep-sea%20volcanic%20and%20hydrothermal%20system%20at%20Vailulu%27u%20Seamount%20yielded%2089%20new%20organisms%20and%20three%20detailed%2016S-rRNA%20gene%20clone%20libraries%20%28one%20rock%20and%20two%20microbial%20mats%29.%20Proteobacterial%20communities%20dominate%20in%20most%20environments%2C%20but%20important%20differences%20are%20found%20between%20microbial%20mats%20from%20distinctly%20different%20geochemical%20environments%20and%20for%20the%20rock%20surface.%20Many%20cultured%20organisms%20are%20metabolically%20and%20functionally%20diverse%2C%20displaying%20at%20least%20two%20of%20the%20tested%20functions%3A%20heterotrophy%2C%20Fe%28II%29%20and%20Mn%28II%29%20oxidation%2C%20and%20siderophore-production.%20Metabolic%20versatility%20of%20microorganisms%20is%20suggested%20as%20an%20important%20trait%20allowing%20diverse%20populations%20of%20bacteria%20to%20adapt%20to%20these%20environments.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F01490450903263400%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220149-0451%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A25Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22564VHV7K%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Connell%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EConnell%2C%20L.%2C%20Barrett%2C%20A.%2C%20Templeton%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%20%282009%29.%20Fungal%20Diversity%20Associated%20with%20an%20Active%20Deep%20Sea%20Volcano%3A%20Vailulu%26%23x2019%3Bu%20Seamount%2C%20Samoa.%20%3Ci%3EGeomicrobiology%20Journal%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E26%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%288%29%2C%20597%26%23x2013%3B605.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F01490450903316174%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F01490450903316174%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Fungal%20Diversity%20Associated%20with%20an%20Active%20Deep%20Sea%20Volcano%3A%20Vailulu%27u%20Seamount%2C%20Samoa%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Connell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barrett%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Templeton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Active%20undersea%20volcanoes%20generate%20complex%20hydrothermal%20environments%20that%20provide%20microbial%20habitats%20rich%20in%20reduced%20metals.%20These%20habitats%20harbor%20a%20substantial%20microbial%20communities%20functionally%20capable%20of%20Fe%28II%29%20and%20Mn%28II%29%20oxidation.%20The%20role%20of%20eukaryotes%20in%20these%20settings%20remains%20largely%20unknown.%20We%20explored%20the%20presence%20of%20fungi%20in%20actively%20growing%20Fe-oxide%20mats%20and%20basalt%20rock%20surfaces%20from%20the%20active%20volcano%2C%20Vailulu%27u%20seamount%20%28Samoan%20chain%29.%20Here%20we%20document%20the%20presence%20of%20a%20diverse%20fungal%20community%20including%20eight%20yeasts%20and%20yeast-like%20fungal%20species%20isolated%20from%20cold%20hydrothermal%20environments%20and%20basalt%20rock%20surfaces.%20Many%20of%20the%20isolates%20produce%20siderophores%2C%20a%20class%20of%20molecules%20used%20to%20acquire%20and%20utilize%20Fe%20%28III%29%2C%20and%20one%20isolate%2C%20Rhodotorula%20graminis%20oxidizes%20Mn%28II%29.%20These%20results%20suggest%20that%20fungi%20may%20also%20play%20a%20functional%20role%20in%20seafloor%20alteration%20and%20biomineralization%20processes.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F01490450903316174%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220149-0451%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A19Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225GYIM9CD%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bailey%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBailey%2C%20B.%2C%20Templeton%2C%20A.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Tebo%2C%20B.%20M.%20%282009%29.%20Utilization%20of%20Substrate%20Components%20during%20Basaltic%20Glass%20Colonization%20by%20Pseudomonas%20and%20Shewanella%20Isolates.%20%3Ci%3EGeomicrobiology%20Journal%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E26%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%288%29%2C%20648%26%23x2013%3B656.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F01490450903263376%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F01490450903263376%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Utilization%20of%20Substrate%20Components%20during%20Basaltic%20Glass%20Colonization%20by%20Pseudomonas%20and%20Shewanella%20Isolates%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bailey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Templeton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tebo%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Many%20recent%20studies%20have%20shown%20that%20submarine%20basaltic%20rocks%20can%20host%20a%20diverse%2C%20well-developed%20microbial%20community%20and%20yet%20the%20ocean%20crust%20has%20been%20shown%20to%20be%20extremely%20oligotrophic%2C%20especially%20below%20its%20surface.%20This%20study%20demonstrates%20that%20iron-oxidizing%20and%20-reducing%20bacterial%20strains%2C%20isolated%20from%20Loihi%20Seamount%20off%20the%20southeast%20coast%20of%20the%20Big%20Island%20of%20Hawai%27i%2C%20are%20able%20to%20utilize%20different%20nutrients%20%28phosphate%29%2C%20electron%20donors%20%28reduced%20iron%20as%20Fe%28II%29%29%20and%20electron%20acceptors%20%28oxidized%20iron%20as%20Fe%28III%29%29%20found%20within%20basaltic%20glasses.%20To%20test%20whether%20microbial%20life%20is%20able%20to%20acquire%20specific%20required%20nutrients%20and%20energy%20sources%20directly%20from%20basaltic%20substrates%20under%20nutrient-limiting%20conditions%2C%20we%20prepared%20three%20different%20basaltic%20glass%20substrates%3A%20one%20amended%20with%20increased%20levels%20of%20phosphate%20%28apatite%29%2C%20one%20with%20predominantly%20Fe%28III%29%20and%20one%20with%20predominantly%20Fe%28II%29%20and%20exposed%20these%20glasses%20in%20an%20annular%20reactor%20to%20a%20suite%20of%20metal-oxidizing%20and%20reducing%20isolates%20and%20a%20microbial%20mat%20consortium.%20Lithoautotrophic%20growth%20of%20Pseudomonas%20LOB-7%2C%20an%20obligate%20Fe%28II%29-oxidizing%20bacterium%2C%20was%20found%20on%20all%20basaltic%20substrates%20in%20excess%20of%20that%20found%20on%20a%20background%20borosilicate%20glass%2C%20while%20enhanced%20growth%20was%20observed%20on%20the%20apatite%20infused%20glass%20over%20other%20basaltic%20substrates%20when%20phosphate%20was%20absent%20in%20the%20growth%20medium.%20Anaerobic%2C%20heterotrophic%20growth%20of%20Shewanella%20601R-1%20with%20lactate%20revealed%20an%20similar%20to%202x%20increase%20in%20cell%20growth%20on%20the%20Fe%28III%29-enriched%20basalt.%20A%20parallel%20experiment%20performed%20using%20a%20natural%20inoculum%20from%20a%20Fe%28III%29-rich%20microbial%20mat%20revealed%20enhanced%20growth%20on%20all%20basalt%20surfaces%20over%20the%20background%20borosilicate%20glass.%20These%20results%20indicate%20that%20the%20chemical%20composition%20of%20basaltic%20substrates%20likely%20plays%20an%20important%20role%20in%20microbial%20colonization%20and%20enhanced%20growth%20under%20minimal%20nutrient%20conditions.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F01490450903263376%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220149-0451%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A18Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22SISYDDZ8%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Konter%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKonter%2C%20J.%20G.%2C%20Hanan%2C%20B.%20B.%2C%20Blichert-Toft%2C%20J.%2C%20Koppers%2C%20A.%20A.%20P.%2C%20Plank%2C%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%20%282008%29.%20One%20hundred%20million%20years%20of%20mantle%20geochemical%20history%20suggest%20the%20retiring%20of%20mantle%20plumes%20is%20premature.%20%3Ci%3EEarth%20and%20Planetary%20Science%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E275%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%26%23x2013%3B4%29%2C%20285%26%23x2013%3B295.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.epsl.2008.08.023%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.epsl.2008.08.023%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22One%20hundred%20million%20years%20of%20mantle%20geochemical%20history%20suggest%20the%20retiring%20of%20mantle%20plumes%20is%20premature%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Konter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hanan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Blichert-Toft%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20A.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Koppers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Plank%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Linear%20chains%20of%20intraplate%20volcanoes%20and%20their%20geochemistry%20provide%20a%20record%20of%20mantle%20melting%20through%20geological%20time.%20The%20isotopic%20compositions%20of%20their%20lavas%20characterize%20their%20mantle%20sources%2C%20and%20their%20ages%20help%20backtrack%20these%20volcanoes%20to%20their%20original%2C%20eruptive%20source%20regions.%20Such%20data%20may%20shed%20light%20on%20a%20much-debated%20issue%20in%20Earth%20Sciences%3A%20the%20origin%20of%20intraplate%20volcanism%20and%20its%20underlying%20mantle%20and%20lithosphere%20dynamics.%20We%20show%20here%20that%20three%20major%20Western%20Pacific%20Seamount%20groups%2C%20similar%20to%2050-100%20million%20years%20in%20age%2C%20display%20distinct%20Sr%2C%20Nd%2C%20Hf%2C%20and%20Pb%20isotopic%20signatures%20that%20can%20be%20traced%20back%20in%20time%2C%20both%20geographically%20and%20geochemically%2C%20to%20three%20separate%2C%20recently-active%20intraplate%20volcanoes%20in%20the%20South%20Pacific%20Cook-Austral%20Islands.%20Their%20unique%20100%20million%20year%20history%2C%20which%20shows%20a%20persistent%20geochemical%20fingerprint%2C%20suggests%20formation%20from%20large%20volumes%20of%20laterally%20fixed%2C%20long-lived%20source%20regions.%20Such%20longevity%20is%20unlikely%20to%20be%20attained%20in%20the%20relatively%20dynamic%20upper%20mantle.%20Therefore%2C%20these%20sources%20are%20likely%20anchored%20deep%20in%20the%20mantle%2C%20isolated%20from%20homogenization%20by%20mantle%20convection%2C%20and%20imply%20a%20primary%20origin%20from%20deep%20mantle%20plumes%20rather%20than%20resulting%20from%20lithosphere%20extension.%20%28c%29%202008%20Elsevier%20B.V.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Nov%202008%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.epsl.2008.08.023%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220012-821X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%228CI3QXTZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Staudigel%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20Furnes%2C%20H.%2C%20McLoughlin%2C%20N.%2C%20Banerjee%2C%20N.%20R.%2C%20Connel%2C%20L.%20B.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Templeton%2C%20A.%20%282008%29.%203.5%20billion%20years%20of%20glass%20bioalteration%3A%20Volcanic%20rocks%20as%20a%20basis%20for%20microbial%20life%3F%20%3Ci%3EEarth-Science%20Reviews%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E89%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%26%23x2013%3B4%29%2C%20156%26%23x2013%3B176.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.earscirev.2008.04.005%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.earscirev.2008.04.005%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%223.5%20billion%20years%20of%20glass%20bioalteration%3A%20Volcanic%20rocks%20as%20a%20basis%20for%20microbial%20life%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Furnes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McLoughlin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Banerjee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Connel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Templeton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Alteration%20textures%20in%20volcanic%20glass%20from%20the%20seafloor%20fall%20into%20two%20classes%2C%20one%20suggestive%20of%20abiotic%5C%2Fdiffusive%20hydration%20and%20chemical%20exchange%2C%20and%20another%20likely%20to%20be%20caused%20by%20microbial%2C%20cavity-forming%2C%20congruent%20dissolution.%20Glass%20bioalteration%20is%20common%20in%20submarine%20lavas%20throughout%20the%20world%27s%20ocean%2C%20dominant%20in%20the%20upper%20300%20m%20of%20the%20oceanic%20crust%2C%20and%20found%20in%20all%20well-preserved%20ophiolites%20and%20greenstone%20belts%20dating%20back%20to%203.5%20Ga.%20It%20may%20yield%20a%20significant%20fraction%20of%20the%20global%20biomass%20and%20geochemical%20fluxes%20and%20is%20relevant%20to%20the%20development%20of%20the%20earliest%20life%20on%20Earth.%20We%20present%20a%20critical%20review%20concerning%20these%20glass%20bioalteration%20textures%20and%20present%20new%20data%20on%20their%20microchemical%20environment.%20We%20explore%20arguments%20for%20their%20biogenicity%20and%20further%20develop%20the%20prevalent%20model%20for%20their%20formation%20by%20relating%20corrosion%20morphology%20to%20the%20mechanism%20of%20microbial%20dissolution.%20Biological%20alteration%20produces%20conspicuous%20micron-scale%20granular%20and%20tubular%20textures.%20Granular%20glass%20alteration%20is%20well%20explained%20by%20colonizing%20microbes%20that%20selectively%20dissolve%20the%20glass%20in%20their%20contact%20area%2C%20forming%20a%20sponge-like%20interconnected%20network%20of%20micron-sized%20cavities%20along%20glass%20surfaces.%20Tubular%20alteration%20meanwhile%2C%20is%20more%20likely%20to%20be%20caused%20by%20filamentous%20cell%20extensions%20in%20a%20process%20similar%20to%20fungal%20tunneling%20of%20soil%20feldspars%20and%20marine%20carbonates.%20While%20we%20see%20clear%20functional%20similarities%20to%20fungal%20dissolution%20behavior%2C%20we%20do%20not%20know%20whether%20fungal%20or%20prokaryotic%20organisms%20are%20involved.%20However%2C%20this%20functional%20constraint%20may%20eventually%20help%20to%20identify%20potential%20microbes%20responsible%20for%20these%20features%2C%20potentially%20including%20eukaryotic%20or%20prokaryotic%20organisms.%20Yet%2C%20we%20caution%20that%20these%20organisms%20may%20be%20difficult%20to%20identify%20and%20to%20study%2C%20because%20they%20are%20likely%20to%20be%20sparsely%20distributed%2C%20slow%20growing%2C%20and%20difficult%20to%20cultivate.%20Published%20by%20Elsevier%20B.V.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Aug%202008%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.earscirev.2008.04.005%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220012-8252%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A24Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CSAL59EB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Koppers%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKoppers%2C%20A.%20A.%20P.%2C%20Russell%2C%20J.%20A.%2C%20Jackson%2C%20M.%20G.%2C%20Konter%2C%20J.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Hart%2C%20S.%20R.%20%282008%29.%20Samoa%20reinstated%20as%20a%20primary%20hotspot%20trail.%20%3Ci%3EGeology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E36%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%286%29%2C%20435%26%23x2013%3B438.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1130%5C%2Fg24630a.1%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1130%5C%2Fg24630a.1%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Samoa%20reinstated%20as%20a%20primary%20hotspot%20trail%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20A.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Koppers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Russell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jackson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Konter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hart%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20classical%20model%20for%20the%20generation%20of%20hotspot%20tracks%20maintains%20that%20stationary%20and%20deep-seated%20mantle%20plumes%20impinge%20on%20overriding%20tectonic%20plates%2C%20thereby%20generating%20age-progressive%20trails%20of%20volcanic%20islands%20and%20seamounts.%20Samoa%20has%20played%20a%20key%20role%20in%20discrediting%20this%20model%20and%20the%20very%20existence%20of%20mantle%20plumes%2C%20because%20early%20geochronological%20work%20failed%20to%20demonstrate%20a%20linear%20age%20progression%20along%20this%20chain%20of%20islands.%20Specifically%20on%20Savai%27i%20Island%2C%20the%20bulk%20of%20the%20subaerial%20volcanics%20is%20younger%20than%200.39%20Ma%2C%20much%20younger%20than%20the%205.1%20Ma%20age%20predicted%20from%20the%20classical%20hotspot%20model%20and%20a%20constant%207.1%20cm%5C%2Fyr%20Pacific%20plate%20motion.%20This%20discrepancy%20led%20to%20alternative%20magma-producing%20mechanisms%20that%20involve%20the%20cracking%20of%20the%20lithosphere%20beneath%20the%20Samoan%20islands%2C%20as%20a%20result%20of%20the%20extensional%20regime%20generated%20by%20the%20nearby%20Tonga%20Trench.%20Here%20we%20report%20Ar-40%5C%2FAr-39%20ages%20from%20the%20submarine%20flanks%20of%20Savai%27i%20Island%20showing%20that%20its%20volcanic%20construction%20began%20as%20early%20as%205.0%20Ma%20and%20in%20a%20true%20intraplate%20setting.%20This%20reinstates%20Samoa%20as%20a%20primary%20hotspot%20trail%20associated%20with%20a%20deep%20mantle%20plume%20and%20a%20linear%20age%20progression.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jun%202008%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1130%5C%2Fg24630a.1%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220091-7613%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PUANAPKM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Santelli%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESantelli%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20Orcutt%2C%20B.%20N.%2C%20Banning%2C%20E.%2C%20Bach%2C%20W.%2C%20Moyer%2C%20C.%20L.%2C%20Sogin%2C%20M.%20L.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Edwards%2C%20K.%20J.%20%282008%29.%20Abundance%20and%20diversity%20of%20microbial%20life%20in%20ocean%20crust.%20%3Ci%3ENature%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E453%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%287195%29%2C%20653-U7.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fnature06899%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fnature06899%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Abundance%20and%20diversity%20of%20microbial%20life%20in%20ocean%20crust%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Santelli%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Orcutt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Banning%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moyer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sogin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Edwards%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Oceanic%20lithosphere%20exposed%20at%20the%20sea%20floor%20undergoes%20seawater%20rock%20alteration%20reactions%20involving%20the%20oxidation%20and%20hydration%20of%20glassy%20basalt.%20Basalt%20alteration%20reactions%20are%20theoretically%20capable%20of%20supplying%20sufficient%20energy%20for%20chemolithoautotrophic%20growth%281%29.%20Such%20reactions%20have%20been%20shown%20to%20generate%20microbial%20biomass%20in%20the%20laboratory%282%29%2C%20but%20field-%20based%20support%20for%20the%20existence%20of%20microbes%20that%20are%20supported%20by%20basalt%20alteration%20is%20lacking.%20Here%2C%20using%20quantitative%20polymerase%20chain%20reaction%2C%20in%20situ%20hybridization%20and%20microscopy%2C%20we%20demonstrate%20that%20prokaryotic%20cell%20abundances%20on%20seafloor-%20exposed%20basalts%20are%203%20-%204%20orders%20of%20magnitude%20greater%20than%20in%20overlying%20deep%20sea%20water.%20Phylogenetic%20analyses%20of%20basaltic%20lavas%20from%20the%20East%20Pacific%20Rise%20%28%209%20degrees%20N%29%20and%20around%20Hawaii%20reveal%20that%20the%20basalt-%20hosted%20biosphere%20harbours%20high%20bacterial%20community%20richness%20and%20that%20community%20membership%20is%20shared%20between%20these%20sites.%20We%20hypothesize%20that%20alteration%20reactions%20fuel%20chemolithoautotrophic%20microorganisms%2C%20which%20constitute%20a%20trophic%20base%20of%20the%20basalt%20habitat%2C%20with%20important%20implications%20for%20deep-%20sea%20carbon%20cycling%20and%20chemical%20exchange%20between%20basalt%20and%20sea%20water.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22May%202008%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fnature06899%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220028-0836%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A23Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22D3P3ZD4I%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Sims%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESims%2C%20K.%20W.%20W.%2C%20Hart%2C%20S.%20R.%2C%20Reagan%2C%20M.%20K.%2C%20Blusztajn%2C%20J.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20Sohn%2C%20R.%20A.%2C%20Layne%2C%20G.%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Ball%2C%20L.%20A.%20%282008%29.%20238U-%28230%29Th-%28226%29Ra-%28210%29Pb-%28210%29Po%2C%20%28232%29Th-%28228%29Ra%2C%20and%20%28235%29U-%28231%29Pa%20constraints%20on%20the%20ages%20and%20petrogenesis%20of%20Vailulu%26%23x2019%3Bu%20and%20Malumalu%20Lavas%2C%20Samoa.%20%3Ci%3EGeochemistry%20Geophysics%20Geosystems%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E9%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2007gc001651%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2007gc001651%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22238U-%28230%29Th-%28226%29Ra-%28210%29Pb-%28210%29Po%2C%20%28232%29Th-%28228%29Ra%2C%20and%20%28235%29U-%28231%29Pa%20constraints%20on%20the%20ages%20and%20petrogenesis%20of%20Vailulu%27u%20and%20Malumalu%20Lavas%2C%20Samoa%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20W.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sims%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hart%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reagan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Blusztajn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sohn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Layne%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ball%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20report%20%28238%29U-%28230%29Th-%28226%29Ra-%28210%29Pb-%20%28210%29Po%2C%20%28232%29Th-%28228%29Ra%20and%20%28235%29U-%28231%29Pa%20measurements%20for%20a%20suite%20of%2014%20geologically%20and%20geochemically%20well-characterized%20basaltic%20samples%20from%20the%20Samoan%20volcanoes%20Vailulu%27u%2C%20Malumalu%2C%20and%20Savai%27i.%20Maximum%20eruption%20ages%20based%20on%20the%20presence%20of%20parent-daughter%20disequilibria%20indicate%20that%20Vailulu%27u%20is%20magmatically%20productive%20with%20young%20lavas%20%28%3C%208%20Ka%29%20resurfacing%20both%20its%20summit%20crater%20and%20lower%20flanks.%20%28210%29Pb%20and%20%28210%29Po%20measurements%20indicate%20that%20several%20flows%20have%20erupted%20within%20its%20summit%20crater%20in%20the%20past%20100%20years%2C%20with%20the%20newest%20observed%20flow%20being%20erupted%20in%20November%20of%202004.%20For%20lavas%20which%20have%20eruption%20ages%20that%20are%20demonstrably%20young%2C%20relative%20to%20the%20half-lives%20of%20%28230%29Th%2C%20%28231%29Pa%2C%20and%20%28226%29Ra%2C%20we%20interpret%20their%20%28238%29U-%28230%29Th%2C%20%28235%29U-%28231%29Pa%20and%20%28230%29Th%20-%20%28226%29Ra%20disequilibria%20in%20terms%20of%20the%20magmatic%20processes%20occurring%20beneath%20the%20Samoan%20Islands.%20%28%28230%29Th%5C%2F%28238%29U%29%20%3E%201%20indicates%20that%20garnet%20is%20required%20as%20a%20residual%20phase%20in%20the%20magma%20sources%20for%20all%20these%20lavas.%20The%20large%20range%20of%20%28%28238%29U%5C%2F%28232%29Th%29%20and%20%28%28230%29Th%5C%2F%28232%29Th%29%20is%20attributed%20to%20long-term%20source%20variation.%20The%20Samoan%20basalts%20are%20all%20alkaline%20basalts%20and%20show%20significant%20%28230%29Th%20and%20%28231%29Pa%20excesses%20but%20limited%20variability%2C%20indicating%20that%20they%20have%20been%20derived%20by%20small%20but%20similar%20extents%20of%20melting.%20Their%20%28%28230%29Th%5C%2F%28238%29U%29%2C%20%28%28231%29Pa%5C%2F%28235%29U%29%20and%20Sm%5C%2FNd%20fractionation%20are%20consistent%20with%20correlations%20among%20other%20ocean%20island%20basalt%20suites%20%28%20particularly%20Hawaii%29%20which%20show%20that%20%28%28230%29Th%5C%2F%28238%29U%29%20and%20%28%28231%29Pa%5C%2F%28235%29U%29%20of%20many%20OIBS%20can%20be%20explained%20by%20simple%20time-independent%20models.%20Interpretation%20of%20the%20%28226%29Ra%20data%20requires%20time-dependent%20melting%20models.%20Both%20chromatographic%20porous%20flow%20and%20dynamic%20melting%20of%20a%20garnet%20peridotite%20source%20can%20adequately%20explain%20the%20combined%20U-Th-Ra%20and%20U-Pa%20data%20for%20these%20Samoan%20basalts.%20Several%20young%20samples%20from%20the%20Vailulu%27u%20summit%20crater%20also%20exhibit%20significant%20%28210%29Pb%20deficits%20that%20reflect%20either%20shallow%20magmatic%20processes%20or%20continuous%20magma%20degassing.%20In%20both%20cases%2C%20decadal%20residence%20times%20are%20inferred%20from%20these%20%28210%29Pb%20deficits.%20The%20young%20coeval%20volcanism%20on%20Malumalu%20and%20Vailulu%27u%20suggests%20the%20Samoa%20hot%20spot%20is%20currently%20migrating%20to%20the%20northeast%20due%20to%20dynamic%20interaction%20with%20the%20Tonga%20slab.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Apr%202008%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2007gc001651%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221525-2027%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22EFXELAM3%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Johnson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A3%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJohnson%2C%20C.%20L.%2C%20Constable%2C%20C.%20G.%2C%20Tauxe%2C%20L.%2C%20Barendregt%2C%20R.%2C%20Brown%2C%20L.%20L.%2C%20Coe%2C%20R.%20S.%2C%20Layer%2C%20P.%2C%20Mejia%2C%20V.%2C%20Opdyke%2C%20N.%20D.%2C%20Singer%2C%20B.%20S.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Stone%2C%20D.%20B.%20%282008%29.%20Recent%20investigations%20of%20the%200-5%20Ma%20geomagnetic%20field%20recorded%20by%20lava%20flows.%20%3Ci%3EGeochemistry%20Geophysics%20Geosystems%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E9%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2007gc001696%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2007gc001696%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Recent%20investigations%20of%20the%200-5%20Ma%20geomagnetic%20field%20recorded%20by%20lava%20flows%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Constable%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tauxe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barendregt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brown%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Coe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Layer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mejia%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Opdyke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Singer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stone%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20present%20a%20synthesis%20of%200%20-%205%20Ma%20paleomagnetic%20directional%20data%20collected%20from%2017%20different%20locations%20under%20the%20collaborative%20Time%20Averaged%20geomagnetic%20Field%20Initiative%20%28%20TAFI%29.%20When%20combined%20with%20regional%20compilations%20from%20the%20northwest%20United%20States%2C%20the%20southwest%20United%20States%2C%20Japan%2C%20New%20Zealand%2C%20Hawaii%2C%20Mexico%2C%20South%20Pacific%2C%20and%20the%20Indian%20Ocean%2C%20a%20data%20set%20of%20over%202000%20sites%20with%20high%20quality%2C%20stable%20polarity%2C%20and%20declination%20and%20inclination%20measurements%20is%20obtained.%20This%20is%20a%20more%20than%20sevenfold%20increase%20over%20similar%20quality%20data%20in%20the%20existing%20Paleosecular%20Variation%20of%20Recent%20Lavas%20%28PSVRL%29%20data%20set%2C%20and%20has%20greatly%20improved%20spatial%20sampling.%20The%20new%20data%20set%20spans%2078%20degrees%20S%20to%2053%20degrees%20N%2C%20and%20has%20sufficient%20temporal%20and%20spatial%20sampling%20to%20allow%20characterization%20of%20latitudinal%20variations%20in%20the%20time-averaged%20field%20%28TAF%29%20and%20paleosecular%20variation%20%28PSV%29%20for%20the%20Brunhes%20and%20Matuyama%20chrons%2C%20and%20for%20the%200%20-%205%20Ma%20interval%20combined.%20The%20Brunhes%20and%20Matuyama%20chrons%20exhibit%20different%20TAF%20geometries%2C%20notably%20smaller%20departures%20from%20a%20geocentric%20axial%20dipole%20field%20during%20the%20Brunhes%2C%20consistent%20with%20higher%20dipole%20strength%20observed%20from%20paleointensity%20data.%20Geographical%20variations%20in%20PSV%20are%20also%20different%20for%20the%20Brunhes%20and%20Matuyama.%20Given%20the%20high%20quality%20of%20our%20data%20set%2C%20polarity%20asymmetries%20in%20PSV%20and%20the%20TAF%20cannot%20be%20attributed%20to%20viscous%20overprints%2C%20but%20suggest%20different%20underlying%20field%20behavior%2C%20perhaps%20related%20to%20the%20influence%20of%20long-lived%20core-mantle%20boundary%20conditions%20on%20core%20flow.%20PSV%2C%20as%20measured%20by%20dispersion%20of%20virtual%20geomagnetic%20poles%2C%20shows%20less%20latitudinal%20variation%20than%20predicted%20by%20current%20statistical%20PSV%20models%2C%20or%20by%20previous%20data%20sets.%20In%20particular%2C%20the%20Brunhes%20data%20reported%20here%20are%20compatible%20with%20a%20wide%20range%20of%20models%2C%20from%20those%20that%20predict%20constant%20dispersion%20as%20a%20function%20of%20latitude%20to%20those%20that%20predict%20an%20increase%20in%20dispersion%20with%20latitude.%20Discriminating%20among%20such%20models%20could%20be%20helped%20by%20increased%20numbers%20of%20low-latitude%20data%20and%20new%20high%20northern%20latitude%20sites.%20Tests%20with%20other%20data%20sets%2C%20and%20with%20simulations%2C%20indicate%20that%20some%20of%20the%20latitudinal%20signature%20previously%20observed%20in%20VGP%20dispersion%20can%20be%20attributed%20to%20the%20inclusion%20of%20low-quality%2C%20insufficiently%20cleaned%20data%20with%20too%20few%20samples%20per%20site.%20Our%20Matuyama%20data%20show%20a%20stronger%20dependence%20of%20dispersion%20on%20latitude%20than%20the%20Brunhes%20data.%20The%20TAF%20is%20examined%20using%20the%20variation%20of%20inclination%20anomaly%20with%20latitude.%20Best%20fit%20two-%20parameter%20models%20have%20axial%20quadrupole%20contributions%20of%202%20-%204%25%20of%20the%20axial%20dipole%20term%2C%20and%20axial%20octupole%20contributions%20of%201%20-%205%25.%20Approximately%202%25%20of%20the%20octupole%20signature%20is%20likely%20the%20result%20of%20bias%20incurred%20by%20averaging%20unit%20vectors.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Apr%202008%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2007gc001696%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221525-2027%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A21Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ST3P8JQN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Reisberg%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EReisberg%2C%20L.%2C%20Rouxel%2C%20O.%2C%20Ludden%2C%20J.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Zimmermann%2C%20C.%20%282008%29.%20Re-Os%20results%20from%20ODP%20Site%20801%3A%20Evidence%20for%20extensive%20Re%20uptake%20during%20alteration%20of%20oceanic%20crust.%20%3Ci%3EChemical%20Geology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E248%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%26%23x2013%3B4%29%2C%20256%26%23x2013%3B271.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.chemgeo.2007.07.013%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.chemgeo.2007.07.013%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Re-Os%20results%20from%20ODP%20Site%20801%3A%20Evidence%20for%20extensive%20Re%20uptake%20during%20alteration%20of%20oceanic%20crust%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reisberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22O.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rouxel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ludden%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zimmermann%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Re%20and%20Os%20concentrations%20and%20Os%20isotopic%20ratios%20were%20determined%20for%20composite%20samples%20prepared%20from%20volcanoclastics%20%28VCL%29%20and%20basaltic%20flows%20%28FLO%29%20from%20Jurassic%20oceanic%20crust%20%28Ocean%20Drilling%20Program%20Leg%20185%2C%20Site%20801%20in%20the%20western%20Pacific%29%2C%20with%20the%20aim%20of%20determining%20the%20effect%20of%20seafloor%20weathering%20on%20the%20Re-Os%20budget.%20A%20supercomposite%20sample%2C%20prepared%20from%20a%20proportionate%20mixture%20of%20the%20various%20composite%20powders%2C%20served%20to%20represent%20the%20average%20composition%20of%20the%20altered%20oceanic%20crust%20%5BKelley%2C%20K.A.%2C%20Plank%2C%20T.%2C%20Ludden%2C%20J.%20and%20Staudigel%2C%20H.%2C%20%282003%29.%20Composition%20of%20altered%20oceanic%20crust%20at%20ODP%20Sites%20801%20and%201149%2C%20Geochem.%20Geophys.%20Geosyst.%204%286%29%2089%2010%2C%20doi%3A%2010.1029%5C%2F2002GC000435.%5D.%20Re%20contents%20vary%20from%200.2%20to%201.3%20ng%20g%28-1%29%2C%20and%20from%202.2%20to%203.1%20ng%20g%28-1%29%20in%20the%20VCL%20and%20FLO%20composites%20respectively.%20Os%20contents%20vary%20from%200.005%20to%200.047%20ng%20g%28-1%29%20in%20the%20VCL%2C%20and%20from%200.008%20to%200.027%20ng%20g%28-1%29%20in%20the%20FLO%20composites.%20The%20FLO%20composites%20have%20much%20higher%20Re%5C%2FOs%20ratios%20and%20thus%20have%20more%20radiogenic%20Os%20compositions%20%28%28187%29Os%5C%2F%28188%29Os%20%3D%201.38%20to%208.48%29%20than%20the%20VCL%20composites%20%28%28187%29Os%5C%2F%28188%29Os%20%3D%200.32%20to%204.40%29.%20The%20VCL%20composite%20from%20the%20upper%20section%20of%20the%20crust%20shows%20evidence%20for%20substantial%20Re%20loss%20and%20Os%20uptake%2C%20consistent%20with%20oxidative%20weathering%20processes.%20However%2C%20Re%20uptake%20during%20weathering%20processes%20under%20more%20reducing%20conditions%2C%20evident%20in%20the%20FLO%20samples%20from%20throughout%20the%20section%20and%20to%20a%20lesser%20extent%20in%20the%20lower%20VCL%20samples%2C%20more%20than%20compensates%20for%20this%20Re%20loss%20in%20the%20upper%20VCL.%20Os%20concentrations%20were%20essentially%20unchanged%20by%20these%20reductive%20processes.%20Model%20age%20calculations%20suggest%20that%20Re%20uptake%20continued%20for%20tens%20of%20millions%20of%20years%20after%20crust%20formation.%20Abundant%20secondary%20pyrite%20is%20found%20throughout%20the%20altered%20Hole%20801C%20crust%20in%20zones%20of%20restricted%20seawater%20flow%2C%20and%20this%20may%20have%20accommodated%20an%20important%20part%20of%20the%20input%20Re.%20The%20Re%20content%20of%20the%20supercomposite%20%28similar%20to%202.2%20ng%20g%28-1%29%29%20is%20about%201%20ng%20g%28-1%29%20higher%20than%20would%20be%20expected%20on%20the%20basis%20of%20its%20Yb%20content.%20If%20the%20results%20from%20Hole%20801C%20are%20typical%2C%20they%20suggest%20that%20the%20Re%20concentration%20of%20at%20least%20the%20upper%20part%20of%20the%20oceanic%20crust%20may%20be%20nearly%20doubled%20during%20seafloor%20alteration.%20Such%20large%20extents%20of%20Re%20uptake%20would%20have%20a%20significant%20effect%20on%20the%20oceanic%20Re%20budget.%20Furthermore%2C%20assuming%20that%20they%20survive%20passage%20through%20the%20subduction%20zone%2C%20these%20elevated%20Re%20contents%20would%20greatly%20decrease%20the%20proportion%20of%20subducted%20oceanic%20crust%20required%20in%20the%20source%20region%20to%20explain%20the%20radiogenic%20Os%20compositions%20of%20many%20ocean%20island%20basalts.%20%28C%29%202007%20Elsevier%20B.V.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Feb%202008%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.chemgeo.2007.07.013%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220009-2541%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22EL5UELKA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Furnes%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EFurnes%2C%20H.%2C%20McLoughlin%2C%20N.%2C%20Muehlenbachs%2C%20K.%2C%20Banerjee%2C%20N.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20Dilek%2C%20Y.%2C%20de%20Wit%2C%20M.%2C%20Van%20Kranendonk%2C%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Schiffman%2C%20P.%20%282008%29.%20Oceanic%20pillow%20lavas%20and%20hyaloclastites%20as%20habitats%20for%20microbial%20life%20through%20time%20-%20a%20review.%20In%20Y.%20Dilek%2C%20H.%20Furnes%2C%20%26amp%3B%20K.%20Muehlenbachs%20%28Eds.%29%2C%20%3Ci%3ELinks%20between%20geological%20processes%2C%20microbial%20activities%20%26amp%3B%20evolution%20of%20life%20microbes%20and%20geology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%28p.%2068%29.%20Springer.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Oceanic%20pillow%20lavas%20and%20hyaloclastites%20as%20habitats%20for%20microbial%20life%20through%20time%20-%20a%20review%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Furnes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McLoughlin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muehlenbachs%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Banerjee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dilek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22de%20Wit%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Kranendonk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schiffman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yildirim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dilek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Furnes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karlis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muehlenbachs%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Links%20between%20geological%20processes%2C%20microbial%20activities%20%26%20evolution%20of%20life%20microbes%20and%20geology%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222008%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-1-4020-8306-8%201-4020-8306-8%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A11Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223WI5EYRG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Fumes%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222007-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EFumes%2C%20H.%2C%20Anerjee%2C%20N.%20R.%20B.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20Muehlenbachs%2C%20K.%2C%20McLoughlin%2C%20N.%2C%20De%20Wit%2C%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Van%20Kranendonk%2C%20M.%20%282007%29.%20Comparing%20petrographic%20signatures%20of%20bioalteration%20in%20recent%20to%20Mesoarchean%20pillow%20lavas%3A%20Tracing%20subsurface%20life%20in%20oceanic%20igneous%20rocks.%20%3Ci%3EPrecambrian%20Research%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E158%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%26%23x2013%3B4%29%2C%20156%26%23x2013%3B176.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.precamres.2007.04.012%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.precamres.2007.04.012%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Comparing%20petrographic%20signatures%20of%20bioalteration%20in%20recent%20to%20Mesoarchean%20pillow%20lavas%3A%20Tracing%20subsurface%20life%20in%20oceanic%20igneous%20rocks%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fumes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%20R.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anerjee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muehlenbachs%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McLoughlin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22De%20Wit%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Kranendonk%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Bioalteration%20of%20basaltic%20glass%20in%20pillow%20lava%20rims%20and%20glassy%20volcanic%20breccias%20%28hyaloclastites%29%20produces%20several%20distinctive%20traces%20including%20conspicuous%20petrographic%20textures.%20These%20biologically%20generated%20textures%20include%20granular%20and%20tubular%20morphologies%20that%20form%20during%20glass%20dissolution%20by%20microbes%20and%20subsequent%20precipitation%20of%20amorphous%20material.%20Such%20bioalteration%20textures%20have%20been%20described%20from%20upper%2C%20in%20situ%20oceanic%20crust%20spanning%20the%20youngest%20to%20the%20oldest%20oceanic%20basins%20%280-170%20Ma%29.%20The%20granular%20type%20consists%20of%20individual%20and%5C%2For%20coalescing%20spherical%20bodies%20with%20diameters%20typically%20around%200.4%20mu%20m.%20These%20are%20by%20far%20the%20most%20abundant%2C%20having%20been%20traced%20up%20to%20similar%20to%20550%20m%20depths%20in%20the%20oceanic%20crust.%20The%20tubular%20type%20is%20defined%20by%20distinct%2C%20straight%20to%20irregular%20tubes%20with%20diameters%20most%20commonly%20around%201-2%20mu%20m%20and%20lengths%20exceeding%20100%20mu%20m.%20The%20tubes%20are%20most%20abundant%20between%20similar%20to%2050%20m%20and%20250%20m%20into%20the%20volcanic%20basement.%20We%20advance%20a%20model%20for%20the%20production%20of%20these%20bioalteration%20textures%20and%20propose%20criteria%20for%20testing%20the%20biogenicity%20and%20antiquity%20of%20ancient%20examples.%20Similar%20bioalteration%20textures%20have%20also%20been%20found%20in%20hyaloclastites%20and%20well-preserved%20pillow%20lava%20margins%20of%20Phanerozoic%20to%20Proterozoic%20ophiolites%20and%20Archean%20greenstone%20belts.%20The%20latter%20include%20pillow%20lavas%20and%20hyaloclastites%20from%20the%20Mesoarchean%20Barberton%20Greenstone%20Belt%20of%20South%20Africa%20and%20the%20East%20Pilbara%20Terrane%20of%20the%20Pilbara%20Craton%2C%20Western%20Australia%2C%20where%20conspicuous%20titanite-mineralized%20tubes%2C%20have%20been%20found.%20Petrographic%20relationships%20and%20age%20data%20confirm%20that%20these%20structures%20developed%20in%20the%20Archean.%20Thus%2C%20these%20biologically%20generated%20textures%20may%20provide%20an%20important%20tool%20for%20mapping%20the%20deep%20oceanic%20biosphere%20and%20for%20tracing%20some%20of%20the%20earliest%20biological%20processes%20on%20Earth%20and%20perhaps%20other%20planetary%20surfaces.%20%28c%29%202007%20Elsevier%20B.V.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Oct%202007%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.precamres.2007.04.012%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220301-9268%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22Y47EGLQI%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Jackson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222007-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJackson%2C%20M.%20G.%2C%20Hart%2C%20S.%20R.%2C%20Koppers%2C%20A.%20A.%20P.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20Konter%2C%20J.%2C%20Blusztajn%2C%20J.%2C%20Kurz%2C%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Russell%2C%20J.%20A.%20%282007%29.%20The%20return%20of%20subducted%20continental%20crust%20in%20Samoan%20lavas.%20%3Ci%3ENature%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E448%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%287154%29%2C%20684%26%23x2013%3B687.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fnature06048%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fnature06048%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20return%20of%20subducted%20continental%20crust%20in%20Samoan%20lavas%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jackson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hart%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20A.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Koppers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Konter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Blusztajn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kurz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Russell%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Substantial%20quantities%20of%20terrigenous%20sediments%20are%20known%20to%20enter%20the%20mantle%20at%20subduction%20zones%2C%20but%20little%20is%20known%20about%20their%20fate%20in%20the%20mantle%281%29.%20Subducted%20sediment%20may%20be%20entrained%20in%20buoyantly%20upwelling%20plumes%20and%20returned%20to%20the%20Earth%27s%20surface%20at%20hotspots%282-5%29%2C%20but%20the%20proportion%20of%20recycled%20sediment%20in%20the%20mantle%20is%20small%2C%20and%20clear%20examples%20of%20recycled%20sediment%20in%20hotspot%20lavas%20are%20rare%286%2C7%29.%20Here%20we%20report%20remarkably%20enriched%20Sr-87%5C%2FSr-86%20and%20Nd-143%5C%2FNd-144%20isotope%20signatures%20in%20Samoan%20lavas%20from%20three%20dredge%20locations%20on%20the%20underwater%20flanks%20of%20Savai%27i%20island%2C%20Western%20Samoa.%20The%20submarine%20Savai%27i%20lavas%20represent%20the%20most%20extreme%20Sr-87%5C%2FSr-86%20isotope%20compositions%20reported%20for%20ocean%20island%20basalts%20to%20date.%20The%20data%20are%20consistent%20with%20the%20presence%20of%20a%20recycled%20sediment%20component%20%28with%20a%20composition%20similar%20to%20the%20upper%20continental%20crust%29%20in%20the%20Samoan%20mantle.%20Trace-element%20data%20show%20affinities%20similar%20to%20those%20of%20the%20upper%20continental%20crust%20including%20exceptionally%20low%20Ce%5C%2FPb%20and%20Nb%5C%2FU%20ratios%288%29-that%20complement%20the%20enriched%20Sr-87%5C%2FSr-86%20and%20Nd-143%5C%2FNd-144%20isotope%20signatures.%20The%20geochemical%20evidence%20from%20these%20Samoan%20lavas%20significantly%20redefines%20the%20composition%20of%20the%20EM2%20%28enriched%20mantle%202%3B%20ref.%209%29%20mantle%20endmember%2C%20and%20points%20to%20the%20presence%20of%20an%20ancient%20recycled%20upper%20continental%20crust%20component%20in%20the%20Samoan%20mantle%20plume.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Aug%202007%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fnature06048%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220028-0836%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A21Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223TMUPIW9%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Koppers%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222007-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKoppers%2C%20A.%20A.%20P.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20Morgan%2C%20J.%20P.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Duncan%2C%20R.%20A.%20%282007%29.%20Nonlinear%20%2840%29Ar%5C%2F%2839%29Ar%20age%20systematics%20along%20the%20Gilbert%20Ridge%20and%20Tokelau%20Seamount%20Trail%20and%20the%20timing%20of%20the%20Hawaii-Emperor%20Bend.%20%3Ci%3EGeochemistry%20Geophysics%20Geosystems%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E8%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2006gc001489%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2006gc001489%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Nonlinear%20%2840%29Ar%5C%2F%2839%29Ar%20age%20systematics%20along%20the%20Gilbert%20Ridge%20and%20Tokelau%20Seamount%20Trail%20and%20the%20timing%20of%20the%20Hawaii-Emperor%20Bend%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20A.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Koppers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Morgan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Duncan%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%5B1%5D%20Over%20the%20last%20three%20decades%20the%20first-order%20correlation%20in%20morphology%20and%20orientation%20of%20seamount%20trails%20has%20been%20called%20upon%20to%20support%20the%20concept%20of%20a%20%5C%22fixed%27%27%20Pacific%20hot%20spot%20frame%20of%20reference%20and%20to%20explain%20the%20Hawaii-Emperor%20bend%20%28HEB%29%20by%20a%20dramatic%20change%20in%20Pacific%20plate%20motion.%20In%20this%20paper%2C%20however%2C%20we%20present%20%2840%29Ar%5C%2F%2839%29Ar%20ages%20for%20the%20Gilbert%20Ridge%20and%20Tokelau%20Seamounts%20%28%20Pacific%29%20that%20show%20similar%20changes%20or%20bends%20in%20their%20orientation%2C%20but%20at%20different%20geological%20times%2C%20up%20to%2020%20Myr%20earlier%20than%20the%20HEB.%20Changes%20in%20Pacific%20plate%20motion%20alone%20cannot%20explain%20these%20observations%2C%20because%20these%20asynchronous%20bends%20should%20have%20been%20reflected%20in%20the%20morphology%20of%20each%20of%20these%20seamount%20trails.%20Together%20with%20the%20lack%20of%20%28%20linear%29%20age%20progressions%20and%20inconsistent%20apparent%20local%20plate%20velocities%20of%20131%20and%2087%20mm%5C%2Fyr%2C%20we%20rule%20out%20a%20fixed%20hot%20spot%20origin%20for%20the%20Gilbert%20Ridge%20and%20Tokelau%20seamount%20trails.%20Instead%20we%20invoke%20secondary%20or%20alternate%20processes%20to%20explain%20the%20complex%20age%20systematics%20and%20morphologies%20in%20these%20seamount%20trails.%20We%20propose%20here%20that%20the%20HEB-type%20bends%20in%20these%20seamount%20trails%20were%20likely%20formed%20by%20short-term%20%5C%22jerk-like%27%27%20plate%20extensions%20in%20the%20studied%20southwestern%20region%20of%20the%20Pacific%20plate%2C%20reactivating%20a%20preconditioned%20lithosphere%20that%20can%20be%20characterized%20by%20a%20complex%20structure%20and%20precursory%20magmatic%20impingements.%20The%20remarkable%20differences%20observed%20in%20these%20colinear%20seamount%20trails%20fundamentally%20question%20the%20existence%20of%20HEB-type%20bends%20in%20the%20formation%20of%20Pacific%20volcanic%20lineaments.%20They%20also%20show%20us%20that%20applying%20geometric%20and%20morphologic%20observations%20alone%20is%20insufficient%20in%20constraining%20past%20plate%20motions.%20Nevertheless%2C%20the%20need%20and%20search%20for%20alternate%20volcano-tectonic%20mechanisms%20offer%20opportunities%20to%20better%20understand%20intraplate%20volcanism%20in%20general.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jun%202007%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2006gc001489%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221525-2027%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CYDC2I3Q%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Banerjee%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222007-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBanerjee%2C%20N.%20R.%2C%20Simonetti%2C%20A.%2C%20Furnes%2C%20H.%2C%20Muehlenbachs%2C%20K.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20Heaman%2C%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Van%20Kranendonk%2C%20M.%20J.%20%282007%29.%20Direct%20dating%20of%20Archean%20microbial%20ichnofossils.%20%3Ci%3EGeology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E35%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%286%29%2C%20487%26%23x2013%3B490.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1130%5C%2Fg23534a.1%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1130%5C%2Fg23534a.1%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Direct%20dating%20of%20Archean%20microbial%20ichnofossils%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Banerjee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Simonetti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Furnes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muehlenbachs%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Heaman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Kranendonk%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Well-preserved%20Archean%20pillow%20lavas%20from%20the%20ca.%203.35%20Ga%20Euro%20Basalt%20of%20the%20Pilbara%20Craton%2C%20Western%20Australia%2C%20contain%20micron-sized%20tubular%20structures%20mineralized%20by%20titanite%20%28CaTiSiO%284%29%29%20with%20residual%20organic%20carbon%20preserved%20along%20their%20margins.%20Direct%20U-Pb%20dating%20of%20titanite%20in%20the%20tubular%20structures%20demonstrates%20an%20Archean%20age.%20These%20tubular%20microstructures%20are%20identical%20to%20microbial%20ichnofossils%20in%20modern%20basalts%2C%20ophiolites%2C%20and%20greenstone%20belts%2C%20and%20are%20interpreted%20as%20a%20biogenic%20signature%20in%20these%20ancient%20rocks.%20Microbial%20colonization%20of%20basaltic%20glass%20thus%20appears%20to%20have%20been%20part%20of%20a%20deep%20subsurface%20biosphere%20established%20early%20in%20Earth%27s%20history.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jun%202007%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1130%5C%2Fg23534a.1%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220016-8505%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A18Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NR8VK9UL%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Furnes%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222007-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EFurnes%2C%20H.%2C%20de%20Wit%2C%20M.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20Rosing%2C%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Muehlenbachs%2C%20K.%20%282007%29.%20A%20vestige%20of%20Earth%26%23x2019%3Bs%20oldest%20ophiolite.%20%3Ci%3EScience%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E315%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%285819%29%2C%201704%26%23x2013%3B1707.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fscience.1139170%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fscience.1139170%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20vestige%20of%20Earth%27s%20oldest%20ophiolite%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Furnes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22de%20Wit%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rosing%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muehlenbachs%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22A%20sheeted-dike%20complex%20within%20the%20similar%20to%203.8-billion-year-old%20Isua%20supracrustal%20belt%20%28ISB%29%20in%20southwest%20Greenland%20provides%20the%20oldest%20evidence%20of%20oceanic%20crustal%20accretion%20by%20spreading.%20The%20geochemistry%20of%20the%20dikes%20and%20associated%20pillow%20lavas%20demonstrates%20an%20intraoceanic%20island%20arc%20and%20mid-ocean%20ridge-like%20setting%2C%20and%20their%20oxygen%20isotopes%20suggest%20a%20hydrothermal%20ocean-floor-type%20metamorphism.%20The%20pillows%20and%20dikes%20are%20associated%20with%20gabbroic%20and%20ultramafic%20rocks%20that%20together%20make%20up%20an%20ophiolitic%20association%3A%20the%20Paleoarchean%20Isua%20ophiolite%20complex.%20These%20sheeted%20dikes%20offer%20evidence%20for%20remnants%20of%20oceanic%20crust%20formed%20by%20sea-floor%20spreading%20of%20the%20earliest%20intact%20rocks%20on%20Earth.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Mar%202007%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1126%5C%2Fscience.1139170%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220036-8075%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A20Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22P7IPIV2F%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Furnes%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222007%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EFurnes%2C%20H.%2C%20Banerjee%2C%20N.%20R.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Muehlenbachs%2C%20K.%20%282007%29.%20Pillow%20lavas%20as%20a%20habitat%20for%20microbial%20life.%20%3Ci%3EGeology%20Today%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E23%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29%2C%20143%26%23x2013%3B146.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1365-2451.2007.00622.x%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1365-2451.2007.00622.x%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Pillow%20lavas%20as%20a%20habitat%20for%20microbial%20life%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Harald%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Furnes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Neil%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Banerjee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hubert%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karlis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muehlenbachs%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20upper%20oceanic%20crust%20consists%20predominantly%20of%20pillow%20lavas%20that%2C%20soon%20after%20their%20eruption%2C%20are%20colonized%20by%20microbes%20when%20the%20ambient%20temperature%20ameliorates.%20During%20the%20process%20of%20microbial%20interaction%20with%20the%20glassy%20rims%20of%20pillows%20several%20types%20of%20bio-traces%20are%20generated%2C%20of%20which%20micro-textures%20are%20the%20most%20spectacular.%20Microbial%20textures%20are%20most%20useful%20for%20mapping%20the%20depth%20of%20the%20oceanic%20biosphere%2C%20and%20in%20the%20search%20for%20the%20earliest%20life%20on%20Earth.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222007%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1111%5C%2Fj.1365-2451.2007.00622.x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221365-2451%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A10Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZYD2RKYG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Schroder%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESchroder%2C%20C.%2C%20Bailey%2C%20B.%2C%20Klingelhofer%2C%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%20%282006%29.%20Fe%20Mossbauer%20spectroscopy%20as%20a%20tool%20in%20astrobiology.%20%3Ci%3EPlanetary%20and%20Space%20Science%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E54%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2815%29%2C%201622%26%23x2013%3B1634.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.pss.2006.05.042%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.pss.2006.05.042%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Fe%20Mossbauer%20spectroscopy%20as%20a%20tool%20in%20astrobiology%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schroder%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bailey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Klingelhofer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20element%20Fe%20and%20Fe-bearing%20minerals%20occur%20ubiquitously%20throughout%20the%20field%20of%20astrobiology.%20Cycling%20between%20the%20various%20oxidation%20states%20of%20Fe%20provides%20a%20source%20of%20energy%20available%20for%20life.%2C%20Banded%20iron%20formations%20may%20record%20the%20rise%20of%20oxygenic%20photosynthesis.%20The%20distribution%20of%20Fe%20between%20Fe-bearing%20minerals%20and%20its%20oxidation%20states%20can%20help%20to%20characterize%20and%20understand%20ancient%20environments%20with%20respect%20to%20the%20suitability%20for%20life%20by%20constraining%20the%20primary%20rock%20type%20and%20the%20redox%20conditions%20under%20which%20it%20crystallized%2C%20the%20extent%20of%20alteration%20and%20weathering%2C%20the%20type%20of%20alteration%20and%20weathering%20products%2C%20and%20the%20processes%20and%20environmental%20conditions%20for%20alteration%20and%20weathering.%20Fe%20Mossbauer%20spectroscopy%20is%20a%20powerful%20tool%20to%20investigate%20Fe-bearing%20compounds.%20It%20can%20identify%20Fe-bearing%20minerals%2C%20determine%20Fe%20oxidation%20states%20with%20high%20accuracy%2C%20quantify%20the%20distribution%20of%20Fe%20between%20mineralogical%20phases%2C%20and%20provide%20clues%20about%20crystallinity%20and%20particle%20sizes.%20Two%20miniaturized%20Mossbauer%20spectrometers%20are%20on%20board%20of%20the%20NASA%20Mars%20Exploration%20Rovers%20Spirit%20and%20Opportunity.%20The%20Fe-bearing%20minerals%20goethite%2C%20an%20iron%20oxide-hydroxide%2C%20and%20jarosite%2C%20an%20iron%20hydroxide%20sulfate%2C%20were%20identified%20by%20Mossbauer%20spectroscopy%20in%20Gusev%20Crater%20and%20at%20Meridiani%20Planum%2C%20respectively%2C%20providing%20in%20situ%20proof%20of%20an%20aqueous%20history%20of%20the%20two%20landing%20sites%20and%20constraints%20on%20their%20habitability.%20Hematite%20identified%20by%20Mossbauer%20spectroscopy%20at%20both%20landing%20sites%20adds%20further%20evidence%20for%20an%20aqueous%20history.%20On%20Earth%2C%20Mossbauer%20spectroscopy%20was%20used%20to%20monitor%20possibly%20microbially-induced%20changes%20of%20Fe-oxidation%20states%20in%20basaltic%20glass%20samples%20exposed%20at%20the%20Loihi%20Seamount%2C%20a%20deep%20sea%20hydrothermal%20vent%20system%2C%20which%20might%20be%20analogous%20to%20possible%20extraterrestrial%20habitats%20on%20ancient%20Mars%20or%20the%20Jovian%20moon%20Europa%20today.%20%28c%29%202006%20Elsevier%20Ltd.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Dec%202006%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.pss.2006.05.042%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220032-0633%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22I2FNDGZY%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Staudigel%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20Hart%2C%20S.%20R.%2C%20Pile%2C%20A.%2C%20Bailey%2C%20B.%20E.%2C%20Baker%2C%20E.%20T.%2C%20Brooke%2C%20S.%2C%20Connelly%2C%20D.%20P.%2C%20Haucke%2C%20L.%2C%20German%2C%20C.%20R.%2C%20Hudson%2C%20I.%2C%20Jones%2C%20D.%2C%20Koppers%2C%20A.%20A.%20P.%2C%20Konter%2C%20J.%2C%20Lee%2C%20R.%2C%20Pietsch%2C%20T.%20W.%2C%20Tebo%2C%20B.%20M.%2C%20Templeton%2C%20A.%20S.%2C%20Zierenberg%2C%20R.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Young%2C%20C.%20M.%20%282006%29.%20Vailulu%26%23x2019%3Bu%20seamount%2C%20Samoa%3A%20Life%20and%20death%20on%20an%20active%20submarine%20volcano.%20%3Ci%3EProceedings%20of%20the%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences%20of%20the%20United%20States%20of%20America%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E103%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2817%29%2C%206448%26%23x2013%3B6453.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1073%5C%2Fpnas.0600830103%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1073%5C%2Fpnas.0600830103%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Vailulu%27u%20seamount%2C%20Samoa%3A%20Life%20and%20death%20on%20an%20active%20submarine%20volcano%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hart%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pile%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bailey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brooke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Connelly%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haucke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22German%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hudson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20A.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Koppers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Konter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pietsch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tebo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Templeton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zierenberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Submersible%20exploration%20of%20the%20Samoan%20hotspot%20revealed%20a%20new%2C%20300-m-tall%2C%20volcanic%20cone%2C%20named%20Nafanua%2C%20in%20the%20summit%20crater%20of%20Vailulu%27u%20seamount.%20Nafanua%20grew%20from%20the%201%2C000-m-deep%20crater%20floor%20in%20%3C%204%20years%20and%20could%20reach%20the%20sea%20surface%20within%20decades.%20Vents%20fill%20Vailulu%27u%20crater%20with%20a%20thick%20suspension%20of%20particulates%20and%20apparently%20toxic%20fluids%20that%20mix%20with%20seawater%20entering%20from%20the%20crater%20breaches.%20Low-temperature%20vents%20form%20Fe%20oxide%20chimneys%20in%20many%20locations%20and%20up%20to%201-m-thick%20layers%20of%20hydrothermal%20Fe%20floc%20on%20Nafanua.%20High-temperature%20%2881%20degrees%20C%29%20hydrothermal%20vents%20in%20the%20northern%20moat%20%28945-m%20water%20depth%29%20produce%20acidic%20fluids%20%28pH%202.7%29%20with%20rising%20droplets%20of%20%28probably%29%20liquid%20CO2.%20The%20Nafanua%20summit%20vent%20area%20is%20inhabited%20by%20a%20thriving%20population%20of%20eels%20%28Dysommina%20rugosa%29%20that%20feed%20on%20midwater%20shrimp%20probably%20concentrated%20by%20anticyclonic%20currents%20at%20the%20volcano%20summit%20and%20rim.%20The%20moat%20and%20crater%20floor%20around%20the%20new%20volcano%20are%20littered%20with%20dead%20metazoans%20that%20apparently%20died%20from%20exposure%20to%20hydrothermal%20emissions.%20Acid-tolerant%20polychaetes%20%28Polynoidae%29%20live%20in%20this%20environment%2C%20apparently%20feeding%20on%20bacteria%20from%20decaying%20fish%20carcasses.%20Vailulu%27u%20is%20an%20unpredictable%20and%20very%20active%20underwater%20volcano%20presenting%20a%20potential%20long-term%20volcanic%20hazard.%20Although%20eels%20thrive%20in%20hydrothermal%20vents%20at%20the%20summit%20of%20Nafanua%2C%20venting%20elsewhere%20in%20the%20crater%20causes%20mass%20mortality.%20Paradoxically%2C%20the%20same%20anticyclonic%20currents%20that%20deliver%20food%20to%20the%20eels%20may%20also%20concentrate%20a%20wide%20variety%20of%20nektonic%20animals%20in%20a%20death%20trap%20of%20toxic%20hydrothermal%20fluids.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Apr%202006%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1073%5C%2Fpnas.0600830103%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220027-8424%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A24Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22RRZVCW7W%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Banerjee%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBanerjee%2C%20N.%20R.%2C%20Furnes%2C%20H.%2C%20Muehlenbachs%2C%20K.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EStaudigel%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20de%20Wit%2C%20M.%20%282006%29.%20Preservation%20of%20~3.4-3.5%20Ga%20microbial%20biomarkers%20in%20pillow%20lavas%20and%20hyaloclastites%20from%20the%20Barberton%20Greenstone%20Belt%2C%20South%20Africa.%20%3Ci%3EEarth%20and%20Planetary%20Science%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E241%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%26%23x2013%3B4%29%2C%20707%26%23x2013%3B722.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.epsl.2005.11.011%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.epsl.2005.11.011%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Preservation%20of%20~3.4-3.5%20Ga%20microbial%20biomarkers%20in%20pillow%20lavas%20and%20hyaloclastites%20from%20the%20Barberton%20Greenstone%20Belt%2C%20South%20Africa%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Banerjee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Furnes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muehlenbachs%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Staudigel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22de%20Wit%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Exceptionally%20well-preserved%20pillow%20lava%2C%20and%20inter-pillow%20hyaloclastites%20from%20the%20Barberton%20Greenstone%20Bell%20in%20South%20Africa%20contain%20textural%2C%20geochemical%2C%20and%20isotopic%20biomarkers%20indicative%20of%20microbially%20mediated%20alteration%20of%20basaltic%20glass%20in%20the%20Archean.%20The%20textures%20are%20micrometer-scale%20tubular%20structures%20interpreted%20to%20have%20originally%20formed%20during%20microbial%20etching%20of%20glass%20along%20fractures.%20Textures%20of%20similar%20size%2C%20morphology%2C%20and%20distribution%20have%20been%20attributed%20to%20microbial%20activity%20and%20are%20commonly%20observed%20in%20the%20glassy%20margins%20of%20pillow%20lavas%20from%20in%20situ%20oceanic%20crust%20and%20young%20ophiolites.%20The%20tubes%20from%20the%20Barberton%20Greenstone%20Belt%20were%20preserved%20by%20precipitation%20of%20fine-grained%20titanite%20during%20greenschist%20facies%20metamorphism%20associated%20with%20seafloor%20hydrothermal%20alteration.%20The%20presence%20of%20organic%20carbon%20along%20the%20margins%20of%20the%20tubes%20and%20low%20delta%2813%29C%20values%20of%20bulk-rock%20carbonate%20in%20formerly%20glassy%20samples%20support%20a%20biogenic%20origin%20for%20the%20tubes.%20Overprinting%20relationships%20of%20secondary%20minerals%20observed%20in%20thin%20section%20indicate%20the%20tubular%20structures%20are%20pre-metamorphic.%20Overlapping%20metamorphic%20and%20igneous%20crystallization%20ages%20thus%20imply%20the%20microbes%20colonized%20these%20rocks%203.4-3.5%20Ga.%20Although%2C%20the%20search%20for%20traces%20of%20early%20life%20on%20Earth%20has%20recently%20intensified%2C%20research%20has%20largely%20been%20confined%20to%20sedimentary%20rocks.%20Subaqueous%20volcanic%20rocks%20represent%20a%20new%20geological%20setting%20in%20the%20search%20for%20early%20life%20that%20may%20preserve%20a%20largely%20unexplored%20Archean%20biomass.%20%28c%29%202005%20Elsevier%20B.V.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jan%202006%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.epsl.2005.11.011%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220012-821X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223TS8LTUJ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-17T22%3A47%3A18Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Yabe, S., Muto, K., Abe, K., Yokota, A., Staudigel, H., & Tebo, B. M. (2022). Vulcanimicrobium alpinus gen. nov. sp. nov., the first cultivated representative of the candidate phylum “Eremiobacterota”, is a metabolically versatile aerobic anoxygenic phototroph. ISME Communications, 2(1), 120. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43705-022-00201-9
Di Chiara, A., Tauxe, L., Staudigel, H., Florindo, F., Protti, M., Yu, Y., Wartho, J. A., van den Bogaard, P., & Hoernle, K. (2021). Earth’s magnetic field strength and the Cretaceous normal superchron: New data from Costa Rica. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 22(4). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gc009605
Asefaw, H., Tauxe, L., Koppers, A. A. P., & Staudigel, H. (2021). Four-dimensional paleomagnetic dataset: Plio-Pleistocene paleodirection and paleointensity results from the Erebus Volcanic Province, Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 126(2). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jb020834
Huang, K. J., Teng, F. Z., Plank, T., Staudigel, H., Hu, Y., & Bao, Z. Y. (2018). Magnesium isotopic composition of altered oceanic crust and the global Mg cycle. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 238, 357–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2018.07.011
Cromwell, G., Trusdell, F., Tauxe, L., Staudigel, H., & Ron, H. (2018). Holocene paleointensity of the island of Hawai’i from glassy volcanics. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 19(9), 3224–3245. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gc006927
Pedersen, L. E. R., Staudigel, H., McLoughlin, N., Whitehouse, M. J., & Strauss, H. (2017). A multiple sulfur isotope study through the volcanic section of the Troodos ophiolite. Chemical Geology, 468, 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.08.008
Sudek, L. A., Wanger, G., Templeton, A. S., Staudigel, H., & Tebo, B. M. (2017). Submarine basaltic glass colonization by the heterotrophic Fe(II)-Oxidizing and siderophore-producing deep-sea bacterium Pseudomonas stutzeri VS-10: The potential role of basalt in enhancing growth. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00363
Staudigel, H., Furnes, H., & DeWit, M. (2015). Paleoarchean trace fossils in altered volcanic glass. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421052112
Cromwell, G., Tauxe, L., Staudigel, H., & Ron, H. (2015). Paleointensity estimates from historic and modern Hawaiian lava flows using glassy basalt as a primary source material. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 241(0), 44–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2014.12.007
Tebo, B. M., Davis, R. E., Anitori, R. P., Conne, L. B., Schiffman, P., & Staudigel, H. (2015). Microbial communities in dark oligotrophic volcanic ice cave ecosystems of Mt. Erebus, Antarctica. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00179
Staudigel, H., Furnes, H., & Smits, M. (2014). Deep biosphere record of in situ oceanic lithosphere and ophiolites. Elements, 10(2), 121–126. https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.10.2.121
Tauxe, L., Gee, J. S., Steiner, M. B., & Staudigel, H. (2013). Paleointensity results from the Jurassic: New constraints from submarine basaltic glasses of ODP Site 801C. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GC004704
Cromwell, G., Constable, C. G., Staudigel, H., Tauxe, L., & Gans, P. (2013). Revised and updated paleomagnetic results from Costa Rica. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 14(9), 3379–3388. https://doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20199
Cromwell, G., Tauxe, L., Staudigel, H., Constable, C. G., Koppers, A. A. P., & Pedersen, R. B. (2013). In search of long-term hemispheric asymmetry in the geomagnetic field : Results from high northern latitudes. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 14(8), 3234–3249. https://doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20174
Knowles, E., Staudigel, H., & Templeton, A. (2013). Geochemical characterization of tubular alteration features in subseafloor basalt glass. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 374, 239–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.05.012
Fliegel, D., Knowles, E., Wirth, R., Templeton, A., Staudigel, H., Muehlenbachs, K., & Furnes, H. (2012). Characterization of alteration textures in Cretaceous oceanic crust (pillow lava) from the N-Atlantic (DSDP Hole 418A) by spatially-resolved spectroscopy. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 96, 80–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.08.026
Edwards, K. J., Glazer, B. T., Rouxel, O. J., Bach, W., Emerson, D., Davis, R. E., Toner, B. M., Chan, C. S., Tebo, B. M., Staudigel, H., & Moyer, C. L. (2011). Ultra-diffuse hydrothermal venting supports Fe-oxidizing bacteria and massive umber deposition at 5000 m off Hawaii. Isme Journal, 5(11), 1748–1758. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2011.48
Koppers, A. A. P., Russell, J. A., Roberts, J., Jackson, M. G., Konter, J. G., Wright, D. J., Staudigel, H., & Hart, S. R. (2011). Age systematics of two young en echelon Samoan volcanic trails. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 12. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gc003438
Jackson, M. G., Hart, S. R., Konter, J. G., Koppers, A. A. P., Staudigel, H., Kurz, M. D., Blusztajn, J., & Sinton, J. M. (2010). Samoan hot spot track on a “hot spot highway”: Implications for mantle plumes and a deep Samoan mantle source. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 11. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gc003232
Fliegel, D., Wirth, R., Simonetti, A., Furnes, H., Staudigel, H., Hanski, E., & Muehlenbachs, K. (2010). Septate-tubular textures in 2.0-Ga pillow lavas from the Pechenga Greenstone Belt: a nano-spectroscopic approach to investigate their biogenicity. Geobiology, 8(5), 372–390. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4669.2010.00252.x
McLoughlin, N., Staudigel, H., Furnes, H., Eickmann, B., & Ivarsson, M. (2010). Mechanisms of microtunneling in rock substrates: distinguishing endolithic biosignatures from abiotic microtunnels. Geobiology, 8(4), 245–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4669.2010.00243.x
Staudigel, H., Koppers, A. A. P., Plank, T. A., & Hanan, B. B. (2010). Seamounts in the Subduction Factory. Oceanography, 23(1), 176–181. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2010.69
Staudigel, H., & Clague, D. A. (2010). The Geological History of Deep-Sea Volcanoes Biosphere, Hydrosphere, and Lithosphere Interactions. Oceanography, 23(1), 58–71. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2010.62
McLoughlin, N., Fliegel, D. J., Furnes, H., Staudigel, H., Simonetti, A., Zhao, G., & Robinson, P. T. (2010). Assessing the biogenicity and syngenicity of candidate bioalteration textures in pillow lavas of the delta 2.52 Ga Wutai greenstone terrane of China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 55(2), 188–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-009-0448-0
Hein, J. R., Conrad, T. A., & Staudigel, H. (2010). Seamount Mineral Deposits; A Sources of Rare Metals for High-Technology Industries. Oceanography, 23(1), 184–184. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2010.70
Templeton, A. S., Knowles, E. J., Eldridge, D. L., Arey, B. W., Dohnalkova, A. C., Webb, S. M., Bailey, B. E., Tebo, B. M., & Staudigel, H. (2009). A seafloor microbial biome hosted within incipient ferromanganese crusts. Nature Geoscience, 2(12), 872–876. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo696
Orcutt, B., Bailey, B., Staudigel, H., Tebo, B. M., & Edwards, K. J. (2009). An interlaboratory comparison of 16S rRNA gene-based terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing methods for assessing microbial diversity of seafloor basalts. Environmental Microbiology, 11(7), 1728–1735. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.01899.x
Konter, J. G., Staudigel, H., Blichert-Toft, J., Hanan, B. B., Polve, M., Davies, G. R., Shimizu, N., & Schiffman, P. (2009). Geochemical stages at Jasper Seamount and the origin of intraplate volcanoes. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 10. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gc002236
McLoughlin, N., Furnes, H., Banerjee, N. R., Muehlenbachs, K., & Staudigel, H. (2009). Ichnotaxonomy of microbial trace fossils in volcanic glass. Journal of the Geological Society, 166, 159–169. https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492008-049
Lawrence, K. P., Tauxe, L., Staudigel, H., Constable, C. G., Koppers, A., McIntosh, W., & Johnson, C. L. (2009). Paleomagnetic field properties at high southern latitude. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 10. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gc002072
Sudek, L. A., Templeton, A. S., Tebo, B. M., & Staudigel, H. (2009). Microbial Ecology of Fe (hydr)oxide Mats and Basaltic Rock from Vailulu’u Seamount, American Samoa. Geomicrobiology Journal, 26(8), 581–596. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490450903263400
Connell, L., Barrett, A., Templeton, A., & Staudigel, H. (2009). Fungal Diversity Associated with an Active Deep Sea Volcano: Vailulu’u Seamount, Samoa. Geomicrobiology Journal, 26(8), 597–605. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490450903316174
Bailey, B., Templeton, A., Staudigel, H., & Tebo, B. M. (2009). Utilization of Substrate Components during Basaltic Glass Colonization by Pseudomonas and Shewanella Isolates. Geomicrobiology Journal, 26(8), 648–656. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490450903263376
Konter, J. G., Hanan, B. B., Blichert-Toft, J., Koppers, A. A. P., Plank, T., & Staudigel, H. (2008). One hundred million years of mantle geochemical history suggest the retiring of mantle plumes is premature. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 275(3–4), 285–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.08.023
Staudigel, H., Furnes, H., McLoughlin, N., Banerjee, N. R., Connel, L. B., & Templeton, A. (2008). 3.5 billion years of glass bioalteration: Volcanic rocks as a basis for microbial life? Earth-Science Reviews, 89(3–4), 156–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.04.005
Koppers, A. A. P., Russell, J. A., Jackson, M. G., Konter, J., Staudigel, H., & Hart, S. R. (2008). Samoa reinstated as a primary hotspot trail. Geology, 36(6), 435–438. https://doi.org/10.1130/g24630a.1
Santelli, C. M., Orcutt, B. N., Banning, E., Bach, W., Moyer, C. L., Sogin, M. L., Staudigel, H., & Edwards, K. J. (2008). Abundance and diversity of microbial life in ocean crust. Nature, 453(7195), 653-U7. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06899
Sims, K. W. W., Hart, S. R., Reagan, M. K., Blusztajn, J., Staudigel, H., Sohn, R. A., Layne, G. D., & Ball, L. A. (2008). 238U-(230)Th-(226)Ra-(210)Pb-(210)Po, (232)Th-(228)Ra, and (235)U-(231)Pa constraints on the ages and petrogenesis of Vailulu’u and Malumalu Lavas, Samoa. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 9. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gc001651
Johnson, C. L., Constable, C. G., Tauxe, L., Barendregt, R., Brown, L. L., Coe, R. S., Layer, P., Mejia, V., Opdyke, N. D., Singer, B. S., Staudigel, H., & Stone, D. B. (2008). Recent investigations of the 0-5 Ma geomagnetic field recorded by lava flows. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 9. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gc001696
Reisberg, L., Rouxel, O., Ludden, J., Staudigel, H., & Zimmermann, C. (2008). Re-Os results from ODP Site 801: Evidence for extensive Re uptake during alteration of oceanic crust. Chemical Geology, 248(3–4), 256–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.07.013
Furnes, H., McLoughlin, N., Muehlenbachs, K., Banerjee, N., Staudigel, H., Dilek, Y., de Wit, M., Van Kranendonk, M., & Schiffman, P. (2008). Oceanic pillow lavas and hyaloclastites as habitats for microbial life through time - a review. In Y. Dilek, H. Furnes, & K. Muehlenbachs (Eds.), Links between geological processes, microbial activities & evolution of life microbes and geology (p. 68). Springer.
Fumes, H., Anerjee, N. R. B., Staudigel, H., Muehlenbachs, K., McLoughlin, N., De Wit, M., & Van Kranendonk, M. (2007). Comparing petrographic signatures of bioalteration in recent to Mesoarchean pillow lavas: Tracing subsurface life in oceanic igneous rocks. Precambrian Research, 158(3–4), 156–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.012
Jackson, M. G., Hart, S. R., Koppers, A. A. P., Staudigel, H., Konter, J., Blusztajn, J., Kurz, M., & Russell, J. A. (2007). The return of subducted continental crust in Samoan lavas. Nature, 448(7154), 684–687. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06048
Koppers, A. A. P., Staudigel, H., Morgan, J. P., & Duncan, R. A. (2007). Nonlinear (40)Ar/(39)Ar age systematics along the Gilbert Ridge and Tokelau Seamount Trail and the timing of the Hawaii-Emperor Bend. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 8. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gc001489
Banerjee, N. R., Simonetti, A., Furnes, H., Muehlenbachs, K., Staudigel, H., Heaman, L., & Van Kranendonk, M. J. (2007). Direct dating of Archean microbial ichnofossils. Geology, 35(6), 487–490. https://doi.org/10.1130/g23534a.1
Furnes, H., de Wit, M., Staudigel, H., Rosing, M., & Muehlenbachs, K. (2007). A vestige of Earth’s oldest ophiolite. Science, 315(5819), 1704–1707. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1139170
Furnes, H., Banerjee, N. R., Staudigel, H., & Muehlenbachs, K. (2007). Pillow lavas as a habitat for microbial life. Geology Today, 23(4), 143–146. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2451.2007.00622.x
Schroder, C., Bailey, B., Klingelhofer, G., & Staudigel, H. (2006). Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy as a tool in astrobiology. Planetary and Space Science, 54(15), 1622–1634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2006.05.042
Staudigel, H., Hart, S. R., Pile, A., Bailey, B. E., Baker, E. T., Brooke, S., Connelly, D. P., Haucke, L., German, C. R., Hudson, I., Jones, D., Koppers, A. A. P., Konter, J., Lee, R., Pietsch, T. W., Tebo, B. M., Templeton, A. S., Zierenberg, R., & Young, C. M. (2006). Vailulu’u seamount, Samoa: Life and death on an active submarine volcano. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(17), 6448–6453. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0600830103
Banerjee, N. R., Furnes, H., Muehlenbachs, K., Staudigel, H., & de Wit, M. (2006). Preservation of ~3.4-3.5 Ga microbial biomarkers in pillow lavas and hyaloclastites from the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 241(3–4), 707–722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.11.011